The photopolymerization of mixtures of multifunctional thiols and enes is an efficient method for the rapid production of films and thermoset plastics with unprecedented physical and mechanical properties. One of the major obstacles in traditional free-radical photopolymerization is essentially eliminated in thiol–ene polymerizations because the polymerization occurs in air almost as rapidly as in an inert atmosphere. Virtually any type of ene will participate in a free-radical polymerization process with a multifunctional thiol. Hence, it is possible to tailor materials with virtually any combination of properties required for a particular application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5301–5338, 2004

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pola.20366

Thiol–enes: Chemistry of the past with promise for the future

Electric field poled organic electro-optic materials: state of the art and future prospects.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, receiving, by a feed point of a dielectric antenna, electromagnetic waves from a dielectric core coupled to the feed point without an electrical return path, where at least a portion of the dielectric antenna comprises a conductive surface, directing, by the feed point, the electromagnetic waves to a proximal portion of the dielectric antenna, and radiating, via an aperture of the dielectric antenna, a wireless signal responsive to the electromagnetic waves being received at the aperture. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus for coupling an antenna to a device

An electromagnetic immune tissue invasive system includes a primary device housing. The primary device housing having a control circuit therein. A shielding is formed around the primary device housing to shield the primary device housing and any circuits therein from electromagnetic interference. A lead system transmits and receives signals between the primary device housing. The lead system is either a fiber optic system or an electrically shielded electrical lead system.

Electromagnetic interference immune tissue invasive system

Polymeric electro-optic materials have recently been developed that, when fabricated into devices such as Mach-Zehnder interferometers, permit drive ( Vπ) voltages of less than 1 V to be realized at the telecommunications wavelength of 1.3 and 1.55 microns. Operation of polymeric electro-optic modulators to frequencies (bandwidths) of greater than 100 GHz has been demonstrated. The total insertion loss of polymeric electro-optic modulators has been reduced to values as low as 5 dB, which is competitive with values obtained for lithium niobate modulators and is much lower than that obtained for gallium arsenide electro-absorptive modulators. Polymeric electro-optic modulators can be operated for long periods of time at temperatures on the order of 100 °C. Techniques have been developed for seamlessly integrating polymeric electro-optic circuitry with passive low loss optical circuitry (e.g., silica long-haul transmission fiber and medium-range fluoropolymer fibers) and with very large scale integration (VLSI) semiconductor electronics. These advances have created a considerable interest in the commercialization of polymeric electrooptic materials. Polymeric electro-optic materials are now being evaluated for applications such as phased array radar, satellite and fiber telecommunications, cable television (CATV), optical gyroscopes, electronic counter measure (ECM) systems, backplane interconnects for high-speed computers, ultrafast (100 Gbit/s) analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, land mine detection, radio frequency (rf) photonics, and spatial light modulators. This review discusses the structure-function relationships that had to be defined and the synthesis and processing advances achieved before materials appropriate for commercialization could be produced. Topics discussed include the design and synthesis of chromophores that simultaneously exhibit large molecular hyperpolarizability, low optical absorption, processability (e.g., solubility in various processing media), and the prerequisite (thermal, chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical) stability to survive conditions encountered in the fabrication and operation of polymeric electro-optic devices. Chromophore-chromophore intermolecular electrostatic interactions have been shown to be the most serious problem impeding the optimization of electro-optic activity in organic materials. The quantitative theoretical treatment of such interactions by equilibrium and Monte Carlo statistical mechanical methods is discussed. Rules for designing chromophores with shapes leading to maximum obtainable electro-optic activity are discussed and the synthetic realization of such structures is reviewed. The role of electrostatic interactions in influencing the choice of processing conditions is also discussed. A number of processing steps, including spin casting, electric-field poling, lattice hardening, fabrication of buried channel waveguides (including deposition of cladding layers), electrode deposition and connection with electronic circuitry, and integration of active and passive optical circuitry, are required. Each of these steps can affect device performance (e.g., influence optical loss, electro-optic activity, and stability). The systematic optimization of each of these steps is reviewed. Finally, device design and operation are reviewed and speculation on the future of the field is expressed.

Nonlinear Optical Polymeric Materials: From Chromophore Design to Commercial Applications

Polymer thermo-optic-waveguide taps have a potential application as light routers for guided-wave optical interconnects involving cascaded fanouts. The taps can guide light from an optical bus bar and direct it into other devices in a switching/modulation network. Thermo-optic waveguide taps are designed and fabricated on silicon wafers using standard very large-scale integrated fabrication techniques. Coupling of light into an adjacent waveguide tap is observed to increase by 12.3% from 38.7% to 51.0% with the application of 34 mW of power.

Thermo-optically tuned cascaded polymer waveguide taps

We have demonstrated a polymeric electro-optic modulator based on a 1×2 Y-fed directional waveguide coupler. The symmetric geometry of the 1×2 Y-fed directional coupler provided the modulator unique characteristics of intrinsic 3 dB operating point and two complementary output ends. A low switching voltage of 3.6 V and a high extinction ratio of 26 dB were obtained with the modulator operating at a wavelength of 1.34 μm. The modulator was fabricated with a novel electro-optic polymer that was synthesized from polyurethane cross-linking with a chromophore.

Polymeric electro-optic modulator based on 1×2 Y-fed directional coupler

The value of electro-optic coefficient r33 of an electro-optic (EO) polymer film depends on the polarization density achieved after the electric poling process. In this letter, we report a high temperature liquid contact poling method which provides a poling field as high as 250 V/μm in LD-3 EO polymer film with less surface damages. The r33 value was measured to be 18 pm/V at 633 nm which is 40°/V higher than the previous reported datum. Such a high poling field and therefore larger r33 value are not achievable through either contact poling or corona poling.

Enhanced electro-optic coefficient of nonlinear optical polymer using liquid contact poling

A unidirectional electrooptic modulator based on an asymmetrical highly multi-mode waveguide coupler is proposed. Firstly, the energy distributions of all the modes within two highly multi-mode waveguides are analyzed with eigenstate theory. Then, to achieve high switching performance in a guided-wave coupler, a dumping wall is placed on the larger waveguide of an asymmetric pair of waveguides, so that the larger waveguide has a dumping effect. This dumping effect makes the asymmetric highly multi-mode waveguide coupler possess a highly efficient unidirectional coupling process. Due to the large cross-section of the waveguide, a new modulation electrode structure is built. Based on this dumping effect, the unidirectional coupling process is theoretically modeled. Furthermore, in both scenarios, i.e., the unmodulated state and the electrooptically modulated state, the unidirectional coupling efficiencies are studied. As a result, not only can a high unidirectional coupling efficiency of 100% be achieved, but a high electrooptic modulation depth more than 90% can also be implemented in theory, and a high thermooptic modulation depth more than 90% under a low modulation voltage of 30 volts is also experimentally achieved. This device can be used for multi-mode optical interconnection systems such as data communication and fiber sensor networks.

High-performance unidirectional electrooptic modulator based on polymeric highly multi-mode waveguides

We have demonstrated the operation of a thin-film thermo-optical beam deflector in a three-layer optical planar waveguide. The fabricated waveguide beam deflector consists of a thin-film SiO2 bottom cladding layer, a thin-film polymer top cladding layer, and alternatively positioned thin-film polymer and silica microprisms as the guiding layer. The beam deflection is achieved through the thermo-optic effect that results in opposed index changes in polymer and silica with respect to temperature changes. The measured deflection sensitivity is 0.06°/°C, for the fabricated device with a 7.0 mm interaction length at the wavelength of 632.8 nm.

An integrated thin-film thermo-optic waveguide beam deflector

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