https://escholarship.org/content/qt8n62c389/qt8n62c389.pdf?t=p96xwf

The Technical and Energetic Challenges of Separating (Photo)Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Products

Changing market demand and increasing environmental regulations challenge the refining industry to shift crude slates and reconfigure production processes while reducing emissions. Yet sellers and buyers remain unaware of the carbon footprint of individual marketable networks, and each crude oil has different specifications and is processed in different destination markets. Here we show the global refining carbon intensity at country level and crude level are 13.9–62.1 kg of CO2-equivalent (CO2e) per barrel and 10.1–72.1 kgCO2e per barrel, respectively, with a volume-weighted average of 40.7 kgCO2e per barrel (equivalent to 7.3 gCO2e MJ−1) and energy use of 606 MJ per barrel. We used bottom-up engineering-based refinery modelling on crude oils representing 93% of 2015 global refining throughput. On the basis of projected oil consumption under 2 °C scenarios, the industry could save 56–79 GtCO2e to 2100 by targeting primary emission sources. These results provide guidance on climate-sensitive refining choices and future investment in emissions mitigation technologies. The carbon footprint of oil refining differs depending on crude oil quality and refinery configuration. Analysis of global oil refining in 2015 shows refining carbon intensity at crude, refinery and country levels and highlights potential for emissions reductions.

Carbon intensity of global crude oil refining and mitigation potential

Large scale application of carbon capture to process industries – A review

The oil refining industry, which was established in the mid-19th century, has become a foundation of modern society. While the refining of crude oil to produce transportation fuels, petrochemical feedstocks and a variety of other products has brought manifold benefits, it has also led to the global proliferation of greenhouse gas emissions as well as local air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels. The industry is therefore confronted with a growing need to decarbonize its operations, as well as to support decarbonization of the end use sectors that it directly enables. This paper provides a systematic and critical literature review to uncover the means by which the oil refining industry can decarbonize and evolve as part of an increasingly carbon constrained future. A sociotechnical perspective is used to understand the full range of industrial and economic activities where a decarbonized oil refining industry is expected to remain important and to provide the framework to assess key technical, economic, social and political factors that will likely impact the evolution of the oil refining industry. We highlight key opportunities for this industry to decarbonize while also exposing gaps in the existing literature concerning its decarbonization. The insights provided are expected to support policy makers, researchers and practitioners with the tools needed advance a low-carbon transition of the oil refining industry. 

Decarbonizing the oil refining industry: A systematic review of sociotechnical systems, technological innovations, and policy options

India's CO2 emissions have risen at a compounded annual growth rate of 3.1% over the last three decades, primarily from an increase in consumption of fossil fuels . Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is considered one of the most effective strategies to counter these trends by reducing the carbon footprint of existing and upcoming infrastructure. Utilization of captured CO2 (CCU) to produce valuable green chemicals is an economically viable proposition. On the other hand, storage of CO2 (CCS) reduces the carbon footprint by sequestering the captured CO2 in geological formations, which in some cases, facilitates hydrocarbon recovery. This paper showcases how a multifaceted approach of combining CCU and CCS in an economically viable manner is a key factor in the maintaining of sustainable development. We discuss at a systems level, the benefits of the implementation of CCUS for India's energy security, positive path dependency, and resiliency. This is followed by a bottom-up review of the symbiotic relationship between the capture and utilization/storage. We provide an assessment of sustainable CCUS implementation by pairing state-of-the-art technologies in the field of carbon storage/utilization with possible future directions in India. We also suggest pathways for the potential and the impact of India's carbon-intensive sources in different CCUS chains such as markets for large-scale utilization of CO2 in emerging methanol economy. Finally, we provide research and policy recommendations that would facilitate a sustainable collaborative effort across sectors in mitigating the increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Understanding initial opportunities and key challenges for CCUS deployment in India at scale

https://escholarship.org/content/qt3jt6n671/qt3jt6n671.pdf?t=pisxwp

Quantifying carbon capture potential and cost of carbon capture technology application in the U.S. refining industry

Energy Efficiency Improvements in the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry

https://escholarship.org/content/qt28b776kj/qt28b776kj.pdf?t=psz0o7

Efficiency improvement and CO2 emission reduction potentials in the United States petroleum refining industry

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Quantifying carbon capture potential and cost of carbon capture technology application in the U.S. refining industry

Energy Efficiency Improvements in the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry

Efficiency improvement and CO2 emission reduction potentials in the United States petroleum refining industry