Adherence to inhaled therapies, health outcomes and costs in patients with asthma and COPD

Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, affecting over 350 million people worldwide and placing a significant burden on healthcare providers and wider society. Approximately 5–10% of asthma patients are diagnosed with severe asthma and typically are associated with increased risk of hospitalisation from exacerbations, increased morbidity, mortality and higher asthma-associated healthcare costs. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of immune responses and is a product of inflammation in the airways that is over-produced in asthma. Fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) is predominantly used as a predictor of response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), to monitor adherence and as a diagnostic tool in ICS-naive patients. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend the use of FeNO for the initial diagnosis of patients with suspected asthma. In the US, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines recommend FeNO as part of the initial diagnosis of asthma and for monitoring of airway inflammation. FeNO has also been shown to be a predictive factor for asthma exacerbations, with higher levels being associated with a greater number of exacerbations. In addition, higher levels of FeNO have been shown to be associated with a decline in lung function. FeNO testing is a cost-effective procedure and has been shown to improve patient management when combined with standard assessment methods. Recent evidence suggests that FeNO may also be useful as a surrogate biomarker for the assessment and management of severe asthma and to predict responsiveness to some biological therapies.

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/early/2020/01/03/13993003.01633-2019.full.pdf

Clinical utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in severe asthma management.

Recent studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of non-adherence with anti-inflammatory medication in patients referred for specialist assessment with difficult-to-control asthma. As well as poor asthma outcome and increased healthcare cost, failure to detect non-adherence makes identification of true treatment-resistant/refractory asthma challenging. This is because guideline definitions of refractory asthma are all predicated on failure to respond to high-dose anti-inflammatory therapy but do not state how adherence with this therapy should be assessed. With the advent of novel expensive biological therapies, the systematic identification of non-adherence becomes more essential to avoid targeting therapies at an inappropriate patient group. Novel biomarkers of steroid exposure, in combination with more traditional surrogate measures such as prescription filling assessment, may allow more objective assessments of non-adherence to be developed in the future. When identified, non-adherence can potentially be targeted and improved, but the key challenge is to empower patients to make informed choices about medicines rather than decisions influenced by misplaced beliefs about benefit and harm. There is an urgent need for the systematic development of individualised interventions which allow non-adherence to be effectively managed. Thus, non-adherence must become a priority in the clinical assessment of difficult-to-control asthma because addressing non-adherence is likely to deliver greater benefits in this group than any novel treatment. It is essential that future research examines strategies and interventions to address non-adherence in subjects with difficult-to-control asthma.

https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/67/3/268.full.pdf

Non-adherence in difficult asthma: time to take it seriously

Why do some asthma patients respond poorly to glucocorticoid therapy

Rationale Poor adherence is common in difficult-to-control asthma. Distinguishing patients with difficult-to-control asthma who respond to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) from refractory asthma is an important clinical challenge. Objectives Suppression of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) with directly observed ICS therapy over 7 days can identify non-adherence to ICS treatment in difficult-to-control asthma. We examined the feasibility and utility of FeNO suppression testing in routine clinical care within UK severe asthma centres using remote monitoring technologies. Methods A web-based interface with integrated remote monitoring technology was developed to deliver FeNO suppression testing. We examined the utility of FeNO suppression testing to demonstrate ICS responsiveness and clinical benefit on electronically-monitored treatment with standard high dose ICS and long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) treatment. Measurements and Main Results Clinical response was assessed using the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-5), spirometry and biomarker measurements (FeNO and peripheral blood eosinophil count). Of 250 subjects, 201 completed the test with 130 positive suppression tests. Compared to a negative suppression test, a positive test identified a FeNO-low population when adherent with ICS/LABA (median 26ppb [IQR 16-36] v 43ppb [IQR 38-73]) with significantly greater FEV1% (mean 88.2±16.4 v 74.1±20.9], p<0.01). ACQ-5 improved significantly in both groups (positive test, mean difference 1.2, 95% CI -0.9, -1.5, negative test, mean difference 0.9, 95% CI -0.4, -1.3). Conclusions Remote FeNO suppression testing is an effective means of identifying non-adherence to ICS in subjects with difficult-to-control asthma and the substantial population of subjects who derive important clinical benefits from optimised ICS/LABA treatment.

/pdf/remotely-monitored-therapy-and-nitric-oxide-suppression-1hpo0c6dom.pdf

Remotely Monitored Therapy and Nitric Oxide Suppression Identifies Nonadherence in Severe Asthma.

Challenges in management of primary hypoparathyroidism associated with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS I)

The impact of non-adherence to inhaled long-acting β2-agonist / steroid combination therapy on healthcare costs in difficult to control asthma

Screening for osteoporosis and fracture risk in women with type 1 diabetes

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Papers

Remotely Monitored Therapy and Nitric Oxide Suppression Identifies Nonadherence in Severe Asthma.

Challenges in management of primary hypoparathyroidism associated with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS I)

The impact of non-adherence to inhaled long-acting β2-agonist / steroid combination therapy on healthcare costs in difficult to control asthma

Screening for osteoporosis and fracture risk in women with type 1 diabetes