Motivations are presented for exploring formal statistical methods for use in medical diagnosis and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. A brief review is presented of classical linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, logistic regression, nearest neighbour and kernel methods, recursive partitioning methods, the independence model, regularized discriminant analysis, structured conditional probability distributions, methods for categorical data, and other methods. Criteria on which a choice might be made are presented and methods for assessing diagnostic performance are outlined. Particular applications of screening and chromosome analysis are used as illustrations and available software is described.

Statistical methods in diagnosis

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-74738-0_3.pdf

An Automated Chromosome Aberration Scoring System

For over 20 years the frequency of chromosomal, particularly dicentric, aberrations observed in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes has been used as a biological dosemeter for assessing accidental overexposures to ionizing radiation. The technique has been developed into a routine procedure in radiological protection. It provides a supplement to physical methods of dosimetry and where these are not available the biological method may be the only means of quantifying dose. The technique has been amply described previously and a recent IAEA manual (1986) gives probably the most up-to-date and comprehensive account of the radiation-induced aberrations, the laboratory procedures and the way that doses are calculated from the aberration yields.

Biological Dosimetry After Radiation Accidents

Full automation on the scoring of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in conventionally stained metaphase spreads cannot be achieved reliably due to the complex image analysis problems involved. More success may be obtained by using in situ hybridization staining of the chromosomes. We describe the development of a system to detect metaphases on the basis of a fluorescent counterstain and subsequently analyze the number of translocations with the aid of whole chromosome paints fluorescing in a different colour. The system consists of a Macintosh IIfx computer, an automated Ergolux microscope equipped for fluorescence, and a Sony CCD camera. The performance of the metaphase finder was measured on a small set of slides counterstained with DAPI, whereas the suitability of the system for scoring aberrations was tested in a small feasibility study for the detection or radiation-induced translocations involving chromosome 4. The potentialities of the system for the use of multiple colours are discussed.

A system for fluorescence metaphase finding and scoring of chromosomal translocations visualized by in situ hybridization.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-74738-0_21.pdf

Towards a Knowledge-Based Chromosome Analysis System

This paper describes part of a system for chromosome aberration scoring by detecting dicentric chromosomes. Although it has been programmed in a traditional procedural computing style, it aims to combine multiple knowledge sources and to use model-determined constraints in an adaptive classifier to provide a high performance level. Chromosome centromere candidates are independendy hypothesised by structural analysis of the chromosome boundary and by analysis of the density distribution along the chromosome axis. For each candidate of either type, a common feature set which is based on a third, independent structural analysis, is measured in order to test the hypotheses. A classifier for centromere candidates is constructed from the set of candidates within a cell itself, by constraining feature space using strong model assumptions. The relationship of the analysis components described to a proposed complete system is outlined.

Hypothesis Combination and Context Sensitive Classification for Chromosome Aberration Scoring

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Hypothesis Combination and Context Sensitive Classification for Chromosome Aberration Scoring