THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

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Environmental-induced hyperthermia compromises efficient animal production and jeopardizes animal welfare. Reduced productive output during heat stress was traditionally thought to result from decreased nutrient intake. Our observations challenge this dogma and indicate that heat-stressed animals employ novel homeorhetic strategies to direct metabolic and fuel selection priorities independent of nutrient intake or energy balance. Alterations in systemic physiology support a shift in carbohydrate metabolism, evident through changes such as basal and stimulated circulating insulin levels. Hepatocyte and myocyte metabolism also show clear differences in glucose production and use during heat stress. Perhaps most intriguing, given the energetic shortfall of the heat-stressed animal, is the apparent lack of fat mobilization from adipose tissue coupled with a reduced responsiveness to lipolytic stimuli. Thus, the heat stress response markedly alters postabsorptive carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism independently of reduced feed intake through coordinated changes in fuel supply and utilization by multiple tissues.

/pdf/effects-of-heat-stress-on-postabsorptive-metabolism-and-nsno73hs11.pdf

Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics.

The Agricultural handbook

Diets fed to nonruminant animals are composed mainly of feed ingredients of plant origin. A variety of antinutritional factors such as phytin, nonstarch polysaccharides, and protease inhibitors may be present in these feed ingredients, which could limit nutrients that may be utilized by animals fed such diets. The primary nutrient utilization-limiting effect of phytin arises from the binding of 6 phosphate groups, thus making the P unavailable to the animal. The negative charges allow for formation of insoluble phytin-metal complexes with many divalent cations. Furthermore, phytin and protein can form binary complexes through electrostatic links of its charged phosphate groups with either the free amino group on AA on proteins or via formation of ternary complexes of phytin, Ca(2+), and protein. The form and extent of de novo formation of binary and ternary complexes of phytin and protein are likely to be important variables that influence the effectiveness of nutrient hydrolysis in plant-based diets. Nonstarch polysacharides reduce effective energy and nutrient utilization by nonruminant animals because of a lack of the enzymes needed for breaking down the complex cell wall structure that encapsulate other nutrients. Enzymes are used in nonruminant animal production to promote growth and efficiency of nutrient utilization and reduce nutrient excretion. The enzymes used include those that target phytin and nonstarch polysaccharides. Phytase improves growth and enhances P utilization, but positive effects on other nutrients are not always observed. Nonstarch polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes are less consistent in their effects on growth and nutrient utilization, although they show promise and it is imperative to closely match both types and amounts of nonstarch polysaccharides with appropriate enzyme for beneficial effects. When used together with phytase, nonstarch polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes may increase the accessibility of phytase to phytin encapsulated in cell walls. The future of enzymes in nonruminant animal production is promising and will likely include an understanding of the role of enzyme supplementation in promoting health as well as how enzymes may modulate gene functions. This review is an attempt to summarize current thinking in this area, provide some clarity in nomenclature and mechanisms, and suggest opportunities for expanded exploitation of this unique biotechnology.

BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2038&context=ans_air

The Impact of Housing System on the Determination of Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy and Dry Matter

Results of this study are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. There were no significant interactions (P>0.10) between tylosin phosphate, DDGS or sampling period. Inclusion of DDGS reduced apparent ileal digestibility (65.3 vs. 71.9%; P 0.10); therefore, standardized ileal digestibility of amino acid values were calculated using means of the two nitrogen-free diets. The standardized ileal digestibility of Lys (79.6 vs. 84.1%; P<0.0001) and all other indispensible amino acids, except Leu, was lower in the DDGS diets. Inclusion of tylosin phosphate did not influence standardized ileal digestilbity of AA.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1782&context=ans_air

Impact of Tylosin Phosphate and Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on Amino Acid and Energy Digestibility of Diets Fed to Growing Pigs

362 Quantification of Basal Endogenous Fat Losses and Their Impact on Estimates of the De Content of Dietary Fat Fed to 13 Kg and 50 Kg Pigs

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1497&context=ans_air

Energy in Swine Nutrition

Numerous factors, including birth weight, can affect transition during weaning. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of birth weight and transition ADG on growth and nutrient digestibility of pigs reared in a commercial environment. A total of 1,500 pigs were weighed at birth, tagged, and divided into 5 birth weight categories: 1.75 kg. At weaning, 1,054 pigs were moved to a commercial wean-to-finish research barn. All pigs were weighed individually at 0, 3, 6, and 22-weeks post-weaning. Gain from 0 to 3-weeks post-weaning was calculated and termed ‘transition ADG.’ Pigs from 3 transition ADG percentiles were of interest: 10th, 30th, and 70th. Forty pigs from each of these three transition ADG categories were matched for sex, litter number born alive, and sow parity to create 20 matched sets for 60 total pigs. At 3-weeks post-weaning, the 20 sets of pigs were harvested for whole-body carcass composition, and rectal digesta samples were collected to determine nutrient digestibility. All other pigs remained in the barn and were raised under typical commercial conditions. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. There were no birth weight × transition ADG interactions (P > 0.27). Birth weight affected (P 0.11) of birth weight or transition ADG on nutrient digestibility or carcass composition. In conclusion, both light birth weight and post-weaning failure is a substantial source of weight variation at closeout, but this variation cannot be attributed to differences in nutrient digestibility.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1771&context=ans_air

Birth Weight and Post-weaning Failure to Thrive Affect Subsequent Growth Performance, but Not Nursery Nutrient Digestibility or Carcass Composition of Pigs

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