H umans have long been fascinated by the dynamism of free-flowing waters. Yet we have expended great effort to tame rivers for transportation, water supply, flood control, agriculture, and power generation. It is now recognized that harnessing of streams and rivers comes at great cost: Many rivers no longer support socially valued native species or sustain healthy ecosystems that provide important goods and services (Naiman et al. 1995, NRC 1992).

/pdf/the-natural-flow-regime-3j2upj9j41.pdf

The Natural Flow Regime

Recognition of the escalating hydrological alteration of rivers on a global scale and resultant environmental degradation, has led to the establishment of the science of environmental flow assessment whereby the quantity and quality of water required for ecosystem conservation and resource protection are determined.

A global review of the present status of environmental flow methodologies revealed the existence of some 207 individual methodologies, recorded for 44 countries within six world regions. These could be differentiated into hydrological, hydraulic rating, habitat simulation and holistic methodologies, with a further two categories representing combination-type and other approaches.

Although historically, the United States has been at the forefront of the development and application of methodologies for prescribing environmental flows, using 37% of the global pool of techniques, parallel initiatives in other parts of the world have increasingly provided the impetus for significant advances in the field.

Application of methodologies is typically at two or more levels. (1) Reconnaissance-level initiatives relying on hydrological methodologies are the largest group (30% of the global total), applied in all world regions. Commonly, a modified Tennant method or arbitrary low flow indices is adopted, but efforts to enhance the ecological relevance and transferability of techniques across different regions and river types are underway. (2) At more comprehensive scales of assessment, two avenues of application of methodologies exist. In developed countries of the northern hemisphere, particularly, the instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) or other similarly structured approaches are used. As a group, these methodologies are the second most widely applied worldwide, with emphasis on complex, hydrodynamic habitat modelling. The establishment of holistic methodologies as 8% of the global total within a decade, marks an alternative route by which environmental flow assessment has advanced. Such methodologies, several of which are scenario-based, address the flow requirements of the entire riverine ecosystem, based on explicit links between changes in flow regime and the consequences for the biophysical environment. Recent advancements include the consideration of ecosystem-dependent livelihoods and a benchmarking process suitable for evaluating alternative water resource developments at basin scale, in relatively poorly known systems. Although centred in Australia and South Africa, holistic methodologies have stimulated considerable interest elsewhere. They may be especially appropriate in developing world regions, where environmental flow research is in its infancy and water allocations for ecosystems must, for the time being at least, be based on scant data, best professional judgement and risk assessment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/exhibits/swrcb/swrcb_tharme2003.pdf

A global perspective on environmental flow assessment: emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers

Large catchment basins may be viewed as ecosystems in which natural and cultural attributes interact. Contemporary river ecology emphasizes the four-dimensional nature of the river continuum and the propensity for riverine biodiversity and bioproduction to be largely controlled by habitat maintenance processes, such as cut and fill alluviation mediated by catchment water yield. Stream regulation reduces annual flow amplitude, increases baseflow variation and changes temperature, mass transport and other important biophysical patterns and attributes. As a result, ecological connectivity between upstream and downstream reaches and between channels, ground waters and floodplains may be severed. Native biodiversity and bioproduction usually are reduced or changed and non-native biota proliferate. Regulated rivers regain normative attributes as distance from the dam increases and in relation to the mode of dam operation. Therefore, dam operations can be used to restructure altered temperature and flow regimes which, coupled with pollution abatement and management of non-native biota, enables natural processes to restore damaged habitats along the river’s course. The expectation is recovery of depressed populations of native species. The protocol requires: restoring peak flows needed to reconnect and periodically reconfigure channel and floodplain habitats; stabilizing baseflows to revitalize food-webs in shallow water habitats; reconstituting seasonal temperature patterns (e.g. by construction of depth selective withdrawal systems on storage dams); maximizing dam passage to allow recovery of fish metapopulation structure; instituting a management belief system that relies upon natural habitat restoration and maintenance, as opposed to artificial propagation, installation of artificial instream structures (river engineering) and predator control; and, practising adaptive ecosystem management. Our restoration protocol should be viewed as an hypothesis derived from the principles of river ecology. Although restoration to aboriginal state is not expected, nor necessarily desired, recovering some large portion of the lost capacity to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction is possible by management for processes that maintain normative habitat conditions. The cost may be less than expected because the river can do most of the work.

/pdf/a-general-protocol-for-restoration-of-regulated-rivers-fvjbpe1895.pdf

A general protocol for restoration of regulated rivers

The effects of dams on downstream geomorphology are reviewed and a typology is devised, consisting of nine cases. The classification can be seen as a further development of Lane's balance between water discharge, sediment load, grain size, and river slope. Depending on changes in released water flow and changes in released sediment load, relative to the transport capacity of the flow, it is possible to estimate resulting cross-sectional geomorphology. The longitudinal extent of changes and their variability with time, and the tributary response to altered mainstream cross-section changes, are also discussed.

Classification of geomorphological effects downstream of dams

Dams and geomorphology: Research progress and future directions

Series Forward Preface Taxonomy and Distribution Morphology and Anatomy Age, Growth and Mortality Reproduction and Development Food and Feeding Ionic and Water Balance Swimming, Movements and Migrations Parasites and Diseases Population Dynamics and Community Structure Fisheries and Economic Importance Aquaculture Etheostomatinae Other Percinae and Luicopercinae References Index

Percid Fishes: Systematics, Ecology and Exploitation

Regulated Streams: Advances In Ecology

The aim of the Lake Nasser Project is to integrate social, economic, and ecological factors in the formulation of a management policy for sustainable fish production. The workshop was held to review the present state of knowledge, identify constraints, evaluate existing information and state of the art techniques, and determine future research objectives and strategy.

Sustainable fish production in Lake Nasser: ecological basis and management policy

Sustainable fish production in Lake Nasser : ecological basis and management policy

Preface List of contributors Acknowledgements Section 1. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology 1.1. Introduction J. F Craig Section 2. Freshwater ecosystems 2.1. Introduction J. F. Craig 2.2. The dynamics of rivers in relation to fishes and fisheries G. Petts, M.-P. Gosselin and J. Gray 2.3. The dynamics of lakes in relation to fishes and fisheries B. Moss 2.4. The physico-chemical characteristics, biota and fisheries of estuaries I.C. Potter, R.M. Warwick, N.G. Hall and J.R. Tweedley Section 3. Freshwater resources 3.1. Introduction J. F. Craig 3.2. Northern North America W. Tonn, H. Swanson, C. Paszkowski, J. Hanisch and L. Chavarie 3.3. Fennoscandian freshwater fishes: diversity, use, threats and management B. Jonsson and N. Jonsson 3.4. Fishery and freshwater ecosystems of Russia: status, trends, research, management and priorities Y. Yu. Dgebuadze 3.5. Fishery of the Laurentian Great Lakes T. E. Lauer 3.6. Canadian freshwater fishes, fisheries and their management, south of 60 N J. R. Post, N. Mandrak and M. Burridge 3.7. Freshwater fisheries of the United States T. E. Lauer and M. Pyron 3.8. Fisheries in the densely populated landscapes of western Europe I. J Winfield and D. Gerdeaux 3.9. Freshwater resources and fisheries in Slovakia A. Novomeska and V. Kovae 3.10. Freshwater resources and fisheries in Hungary A. Specziar and T. Eros 3.11. Freshwater resources and fisheries in the Czech Republic P. Horky 3.12. Problems and challenges of fish stock management in fresh waters of Poland Z. Kaczkowski and J. Grabowska 3.13. Nature and status of freshwater fisheries in Belarus V. Semenchenko, V. Rizevski and I. Ermolaeva 3.14. Current state of freshwater fisheries in China Y. Zhao, R. E. Gozlan and C. Zhang 3.15. Japanese inland fisheries and aquaculture: status and trends O. Katano, H. Hakoyama and S.-i. S. Matsuzaki 3.16. Fisheries in subtropical and temperate regions of Africa O. L.F. Weyl and P. D. Cowley 3.17. Freshwater fisheries resources in subtropical America R. Miranda 3.18. Iberian inland fisheries C. Antunes, F. Cobo and M. J. Araujo 3.19. Nature and status of freshwater and estuarine fisheries in Italy and western Balkans P. G. O. Bianco and V. Ketmaier 3.20. Fisheries ecology of Greece I. D. Leonardos 3.21. The ecology of inland fisheries of Turkey S. V. Yerli 3.22. Fishery ecology in South American river basins M. Barletta, V. E. Cussac, A. A. Agostinho, C. Baigun, E. K. Okada, A. Cattella, N. F. Fontoura, P. S. Pompeu, L. F. Jimenez-Segura, V. S. Batista, C. A. Lasso, D. Taphorn and N. N. Fabre 3.23. Inland fisheries of tropical Africa B. E. Marshall 3.24. Fisheries of the rivers of south-east Asia R. L. Welcomme, I. G. Baird, D. Dudgeon, A. Halls, D. Lamberts and Md G. Mustafa 3.25. Asian upland fishes and fisheries A. I. Payne 3.26. Fishes and fisheries of Asian inland lacustrine waters U. S. Amarasinghe and S. S. De Silva 3.27. Freshwater fisheries of Australasia D. J. Jellyman, P. C. Gehrke and J. H. Harris Section 4. Fishing operations 4.1. Introduction J.F. Craig 4.2. Aboriginal freshwater fisheries as resilient social-ecological systems M. E. Lam 4.3. Commercial inland capture fisheries D. M. Bartley, G. de Graaf and J. Valbo-Jorgensen 4.4. Recreational fisheries in inland waters S. J. Cooke, R. Arlinghaus, B. M. Johnson and I. G. Cowx Section 5. Fisheries management 5.1. Fisheries governance and management R. Welcomme 5.2. Assessment and modelling in freshwater fisheries T. J. Pitcher 5.3. Social benefits from inland fisheries: implications for a people-centred response to management and governance challenges R. Arthur, R. Friend and C. Bene 5.4. A human rights-based approach to securing livelihoods depending on inland fisheries N. Franz, C. Fuentevilla, L. Westlund and R. Willmann 5.5. The optimal fishing pattern J. Kolding, R. Law, M. Plank, P. A. M. van Zwieten Section 6. Fisheries development 6.1. Introduction J. F. Craig 6.2. Environmental assessment for fisheries N. Milner 6.3. Management of freshwater fisheries: addressing habitat, people and fishes R. Arlinghaus, K. Lorenzen, B. M. Johnson, S. J. Cooke and I. G. Cowx 6.4. Aquaculture M. C. M. Beveridge and R. E. Brummett 6.5. Ecological implications of genetically modified (GM) fishes in freshwater fisheries, with a focus on salmonids L. F. Sundstrom and R. H. Devlin 6.6. Sustainable freshwater fisheries: the search for workable solutions R. E. Gozlan and J. R. Britton Section 7. The effects of perturbations on fisheries 7.1. Introduction J. F. Craig 7.2. Harvest-induced phenotypic change in inland fisheries L. J. Chapman and D. M.T. Sharpe 7.3. Climate change and freshwater fisheries C. Harrod 7.4. Toxicology N. Bury 7.5. Impoundments, barriers, and abstractions: impact on fishes and fisheries, mitigation, and future directions P. S. Kemp 7.6. Role and impact of non-native species on inland fisheries: the Janus syndrome R. E. Gozlan 7.7. Eutrophication and freshwater fisheries I. J. Winfield 7.8. Aquaculture and the environment M. C. M. Beveridge and R. E. Brummett Section 8. Tools and future developments in freshwater fisheries 8.1. Introduction J. F. Craig 8.2. A list of suggested research areas in freshwater fisheries ecology J. F. Craig 8.3. Molecular ecology and stock identification E. A. S. Adamson and D. A. Hurwood 8.4. Recruitment T.A. Johnston , N.P. Lester and B.J. Shuter Subject index Country index Fish species index Author index

Freshwater fisheries ecology

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