/pdf/hydrological-functions-of-tropical-forests-not-seeing-the-2hpleaj4on.pdf

Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees?

http://www.nurserycropscience.info/water/managing-runoff/technical-pubs/reichenberger-et-al.-2007.-mitigation-strategies-to-reduce-pesticide-inputs-into-ground-and-surface-water-and-their-effectiveness-a-review

Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness; A review

Riparian buffers, the vegetated region adjacent to streams and wetlands, are thought to be effective at intercepting and reducing nitrogen loads entering water bodies. Riparian buffer width is thought to be positively related to nitrogen removal effectiveness by influencing nitrogen retention or removal. We surveyed the scientific literature containing data on riparian buffers and nitrogen concentration in streams and groundwater to identify trends between nitrogen removal effectiveness and buffer width, hydrological flow path, and vegetative cover. Nitrogen removal effectiveness varied widely. Wide buffers (>50 m) more consistently removed significant portions of nitrogen entering a riparian zone than narrow buffers (0-25 m). Buffers of various vegetation types were equally effective at removing nitrogen but buffers composed of herbaceous and forest/herbaceous vegetation were more effective when wider. Subsurface removal of nitrogen was efficient, but did not appear to be related to buffer width, while surface removal of nitrogen was partly related to buffer width. The mass of nitrate nitrogen removed per unit length of buffer did not differ by buffer width, flow path, or buffer vegetation type. Our meta-analysis suggests that buffer width is an important consideration in managing nitrogen in watersheds. However, the inconsistent effects of buffer width and vegetation on nitrogen removal suggest that soil type, subsurface hydrology (e.g., soil saturation, groundwater flow paths), and subsurface biogeochemistry (organic carbon supply, nitrate inputs) also are important factors governing nitrogen removal in buffers.

Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers.

Mitigation options to reduce phosphorus losses from the agricultural sector and improve surface water quality: a review.

https://abe.ufl.edu/faculty/carpena/files/pdf/publications/refereed_articles/ModelingHydrologyAndSedimentTransport.pdf

Modeling hydrology and sediment transport in vegetative filter strips

DRAINMOD-N: a nitrogen model for artificially drained soils

Accurate descriptions of P leaching are important because excess P applied to soils can enter surface water via leaching and subsurface transport, thereby negatively impacting water quality. The objectives of this study were to monitor P leaching in soils with a long-term history of waste application, relate soil solution P concentrations to soil P status, and quantify P leaching losses. Soil solution was monitored for 20 mo with samplers installed at 45-, 90-, and 135-cm depths in two pits (1 X 3 X L5 m) in Autryville (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudults) and Blanton (loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) soils located in a grazed pasture in Sampson County, NC, which had received swine waste for >20 yr. Maximum soil solution P concentrations at 45 cm exceeded 18 mg L' in both soils. Soil solution P concentrations at 90 cm in the Blanton soil were similar to that at 45 cm indicating low P sorption. Soil solution P concentrations at 90 cm in the Autryville soil averaged 0.05 mg L-' compared to 10 mg L' at 45 cm. A split-line model related soil solution P concentration to the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS), identifying a change point at 45% DPS. Phosphorus movement past 45 cm equaled or exceeded surplus P additions for both soils. Longterm waste applications resulted in DPS > 90%, high soil solution P concentrations, and substantial vertical P movement. Phosphorus leaching should be considered when assessing long-term risk of P loss from waste-amended soils.

/pdf/field-scale-evaluation-of-phosphorus-leaching-in-acid-sandy-4vguddh5ms.pdf

Field-scale evaluation of phosphorus leaching in acid sandy soils receiving swine waste.

Irrigation of anaerobic swine lagoon effluent onto cattle-grazed grass pastures represents a common waste treatment method in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. However, such treatment strategies can result in high nitrate (NO3) concentrations in the shallow ground-water beneath spray fields, and ultimately surface waters receiving groundwater discharge if application rates exceed crop and animal removal. This study was conducted to determine NO3 accumulation and movement in the spray fields and riparian zone on a swine farm in eastern North Carolina, as well as effects of effluent irrigation on streams recharged by shallow ground-water flow. Increases in the NO3 concentration of receiving streams occurred over the farm, suggesting that some NO3 was reaching surface waters. Despite evidence of denitrification losses in riparian areas, the riparian zone did not fully protect the receiving streams from high concentrations of NO3 in the groundwater.

Groundwater nitrate depletion in a swine lagoon effluent-irrigated pasture and adjacent riparian zone

A Petrov-Galerkin (PG) finite element method was developed to solve the kinematic wave formulation of the overland flow equations. The resultant model uses quadratic basis functions and test functions that are modified by polynomials of cubic and quartic order, yielding a formulation that includes four PH parameters. The PG model was found to reduce the mean sum of square error of the solution compared to a conventional Bubnov-Galerkin finite element solution by about a factor of 3 as the Courant number (Cr) approached one. Good results were also achieved with the PG method for problems that resulted in shock formation, which are typical of many applied problems of concern. PG parameters were found to depend strongly upon the Courant number and weakly upon the number of nodes in the system. Polynomial expressions were derived to approximate the PG parameters over the range 0 < Cr < 1. As the number of nodes in the system increased, a single-parameter version of the model yielded solutions approaching the accuracy of the four-parameter model.

A quadratic Petrov‐Galerkin Solution for kinematic wave overland flow

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