While incidence and mortality rates for most cancers (including lung, colorectum, female breast, and prostate) are decreasing in the United States and many other western countries, they are increasing in several less developed and economically transitioning countries because of adoption of unhealthy western lifestyles such as smoking and physical inactivity and consumption of calorie-dense food. Indeed, the rates for lung and colon cancers in a few of these countries have already surpassed those in the United States and other western countries. Most developing countries also continue to be disproportionately affected by cancers related to infectious agents, such as cervix, liver, and stomach cancers. The proportion of new cancer cases diagnosed in less developed countries is projected to increase from about 56% of the world total in 2008 to more than 60% in 2030 because of the increasing trends in cancer rates and expected increases in life expectancy and growth of the population. In this review, we describe these changing global incidence and mortality patterns for select common cancers and the opportunities for cancer prevention in developing countries.

https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/cebp/19/8/1893.full.pdf

Global Patterns of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends

While lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for many years in the United States, incidence and mortality statistics – among other measures – vary widely worldwide. The aim of this study was to review the evidence on lung cancer epidemiology, including data of international scope with comparisons of economically, socially, and biologically different patient groups. In industrialized nations, evolving social and cultural smoking patterns have led to rising or plateauing rates of lung cancer in women, lagging the long-declining smoking and cancer incidence rates in men. In contrast, emerging economies vary widely in smoking practices and cancer incidence but commonly also harbor risks from environmental exposures, particularly widespread air pollution. Recent research has also revealed clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlates, leading to greater knowledge in molecular profiling and targeted therapeutics, as well as an emphasis on the rising incidence of adenocarcinoma histology. Furthermore, emergent evidence about the benefits of lung cancer screening has led to efforts to identify high-risk smokers and development of prediction tools. This review also includes a discussion on the epidemiologic characteristics of special groups including women and nonsmokers. Varying trends in smoking largely dictate international patterns in lung cancer incidence and mortality. With declining smoking rates in developed countries and knowledge gains made through molecular profiling of tumors, the emergence of new risk factors and disease features will lead to changes in the landscape of lung cancer epidemiology.

https://www.annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419/galley/2525/download/

Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer

Background Breast cancer incidence rates have historically been 4-7 times higher in the United States than in China or Japan, although the reasons remain elusive. When Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino women migrate to the United States, breast cancer risk rises over several generations and approaches that among U.S. Whites. Purpose Our objective was to quantify breast cancer risks associated with the various migration patterns of Asian-American women. Methods A population-based, case-control study of breast cancer among women of Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino ethnicities, aged 20-55 years, was conducted during 1983-1987 in San Francisco-Oakland, California, Los Angeles, California, and Oahu, Hawaii. We successfully interviewed 597 case subjects (70% of those eligible) and 966 control subjects (75%). Results A sixfold gradient in breast cancer risk by migration patterns was observed. Asian-American women born in the West had a breast cancer risk 60% higher than Asian-American women born in the East. Among those born in the West, risk was determined by whether their grandparents, especially grandmothers, were born in the East or the West. Asian-American women with three or four grandparents born in the West had a risk 50% higher than those with all grandparents born in the East. Among the Asian-American women born in the East, breast cancer risk was determined by whether their communities prior to migration were rural or urban and by the number of years subsequently lived in the West. Migrants from urban areas had a risk 30% higher than migrants from rural areas. Migrants who had lived in the West for a decade or longer had a risk 80% higher than more recent migrants. Risk was unrelated to age at migration for women migrating at ages less than 36 years. Ethnic-specific incidence rates of breast cancer in the migrating generation were clearly elevated above those in the countries of origin, while rates in Asian-Americans born in the West approximated the U.S. White rate. Conclusions Exposure to Western lifestyles had a substantial impact on breast cancer risk in Asian migrants to the United States during their lifetime. There was no direct evidence of an especially susceptible period, during either menarche or early reproductive life. Implications Because heterogeneity in breast cancer risk in these ethnic populations is similar to that in international comparisons and because analytic epidemiologic studies offer the opportunity to disentangle correlated exposures, this study should provide new insights into the etiology of breast cancer.

Migration Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian-American Women

Dietary and lifestyle characteristics were evaluated in relation to subsequent prostatic cancer risk in a cohort of approximately 14,000 Seventh-day Adventist men who completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire in 1976 and who were monitored for cancer incidence until the end of 1982. During the 6-year follow-up period, 180 histologically confirmed prostatic cancers were detected among some 78,000 man-years of follow-up. Increasing educational attainment was associated with significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer in this study; age at first marriage was also inversely associated with risk, although this was not significant. There was no relationship between body mass index (as measured by Quetelet's Index) and risk. A history of prostate “trouble” was associated with a 60% increase in risk which was highly significant. Although there were suggestive relationships between increasing animal product consumption and increased risk, these results did not persist after accounting for the influence of fruit and vegetable consumption. Nor was exposure to the vegetarian lifestyle during the childhood years associated with alterations in subsequent risk. However, increasing consumption of beans, lentils and peas, tomatoes, raisin, dates, and other dried fruit were all associated with significantly decreased prostate cancer risk.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-0142%2819890801%2964%3A3%3C598%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820640306%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6

Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men.

Bacteria and ætiology of cancer of large bowel

Association of Cervical Cancer With Circumcision of Sexual Partner

A prospective study was conducted in Los Angeles California in an attempt to answer the question of whether longterm residents of Los Angeles at comparable smoking levels have a higher rate of pulmonary cancer than the longterm residents of other metropolitan areas of California. Questionnaires on cigarette smoking status residence history and other characteristics were mailed to men of the California Division of the American Legion. Subsequent checking of this population against the California mortality records for 1959 through 1962 revealed the number of deaths including those due to cancer of the lung and provided 336571 man years of observation. The pulmonary cancer gradient by smoking level was less pronounced than that found in other studies. Los Angeles and Bay Area and San Diego - the 2 major metropolitan areas - had higher mortality rates for cancer of the lung than remaining mixed rural and urban counties and these differences were relatively greater among nonsmokers. With controls for smoking and length of residence the risk of pulmonary cancer in Los Angeles where photochemical air pollution levels are highest was not greater than in Californias other major metropolitan areas.

Cancer of the lung and los-angeles-type air pollution. Prospective study

A Study of the Frequency of Achlorhydria Among Japanese in Los Angeles

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-0142%28196505%2918%3A5%3C656%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820180515%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3

Cancer mortality among japanese issei and nisei of california.

The occupational-social class risks of cancer mortality in men

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