https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/S0896-6273(03)00541-5.pdf

Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 Mediate Retinal Axon Divergence at the Optic Chiasm

Penaeidins are members of a new family of antimicrobial peptides isolated from a crustacean, which present both Gram-positive antibacterial and antifungal activities. We have studied the localization of synthesis and storage of penaeidins in the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. The distribution of penaeidin transcripts and peptides in various tissues reveals that penaeidins are constitutively synthesized and stored in the shrimp haemocytes. It was shown by immunocytochemistry, at both optical and ultrastructural levels, that the peptides are localized in granulocyte cytoplasmic granules. The expression and localization of penaeidins were further analysed in shrimp subjected to microbial challenge. We found that (1) penaeidin mRNA levels decrease in circulating haemocytes in the first 3 hours following stimulation and (2) an increase in plasma penaeidin concentration occurs after microbial challenge, together with (3) a penaeidin immunoreactivity in cuticular tissue, which can be related to the chitinbinding activity we demonstrate here for penaeidins. SUMMARY

/pdf/penaeidins-antimicrobial-peptides-with-chitin-binding-50adxqkft4.pdf

Penaeidins, antimicrobial peptides with chitin-binding activity, are produced and stored in shrimp granulocytes and released after microbial challenge

The ventral midline of the nervous system is an important choice point at which growing axons decide whether to cross and project contralaterally or remain on the same side of the brain. In Drosophila, the decision to cross or avoid the CNS midline is controlled, at least in part, by the Roundabout (Robo) receptor on the axons and its ligand, Slit, an inhibitory extracellular matrix molecule secreted by the midline glia. Vertebrate homologs of these molecules have been cloned and have also been implicated in regulating axon guidance. Using in situ hybridization, we have determined the expression patterns of robo1,2 and slit1,2,3 in the mouse retina and in the region of the developing optic chiasm, a ventral midline structure in which retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons diverge to either side of the brain. The receptors and ligands are expressed at the appropriate time and place, in both the retina and the ventral diencephalon, to be able to influence RGC axon guidance. In vitro, slit2 is inhibitory to RGC axons, with outgrowth of both ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting axons being strongly affected. Overall, these results indicate that Robos and Slits alone do not directly control RGC axon divergence at the optic chiasm and may additionally function as a general inhibitory guidance system involved in determining the relative position of the optic chiasm at the ventral midline of the developing hypothalamus.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/20/13/4975.full.pdf

Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm: Expression and Function of Robos and Slits

Zic2 Patterns Binocular Vision by Specifying the Uncrossed Retinal Projection

Ephrin-B Regulates the Ipsilateral Routing of Retinal Axons at the Optic Chiasm

Crossed and uncrossed retinal axons respond differently to cells of the optic chiasm midline in vitro

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Crossed and uncrossed retinal axons respond differently to cells of the optic chiasm midline in vitro