The present study reviews some of the more significant recent developments in the area of structural reliability analysis, proposes new interpretations for and emphasis in some of these crucial theoretical developments, and introduces additional useful quantities. To be specific, the first‐order second‐moment methods are reviewed. It is then shown that the Lagrange multiplier formulation (and thus any algorithm associated with it) can be used to evaluate the safety index and the location of the design point. Monte Carlo techniques are recommended for use in estimating limit state probabilities as a practical alternative to other methods. The use of the Stokes and Gauss divergence theorem in two‐ and three‐dimensional integral expressions of a limit state probability is suggested in order to reduce the dimensionality of the integrations by one. Finally, it is recommended that the point of maximum likelihood be used as an alternative to the design point based on the advanced firstorder second‐moment method.

Basic Analysis of Structural Safety

Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid and periocular skin

Matrix formulation of reliability analysis and reliability-based design

The histochemistry of chronically sun-damaged skin. An investigation of mucopolysaccharides and basophilia in actinically damaged skin using alcian blue, mowry's, and Hicks-Matthaei stains, methylation, and saponification.

Human basal cell epithelioma was shown to contain collagenolytic enzymes. With the use of reconstituted radioactive collagen substrate, the crude enzyme (tumor homogenate) was shown to release radioactivity 4 to 70 times greater than the release from normal control skin. Disc electrophoresis of the same incubation mixture demonstrated degradation products of collagen such as αA and βA. Kinetic studies with the pooled specimens revealed a linear increase of collagenolytic activity with respect to crude enzyme concentration or the length of incubation time. The optimal pH ranged between 7 and 8.5. Normal human serum, cysteine, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate significantly inhibited the enzyme activity, whereas a trypsin inhibitor (soybean) did not. Viscometric studies demonstrated that basal cell epithelioma crude enzyme decreased the specific viscosity of acid-soluble calf skin tropocollagen. Polarimetric studies indicated that, at temperatures below the denaturation temperature of tropocollagen, the ordered structure of the triple helical macromolecule was not affected during this treatment. The denaturation temperature of tropocollagen was decreased by 5° as a result of incubation with basal cell epithelioma homogenates.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/32/11/2551.full.pdf

Effect of collagenolytic activity in basal cell epithelioma of the skin on reconstituted collagen and physical properties and kinetics of the crude enzyme.

Safety is described in terms of reliability or probability of survival for multimember multiload condition structures with loads and strengths as random variables. These include weakest link structures which fail if any member fails and fail-safe structures which survive even after the failure or yielding of some members. A proposed design method is to proportion member sizes with a mathematical programming approach to minimize weight subject to an overall probability of failure constraint. Examples presented include trusses designed by weakest link failure analysis and limit designed redundant or fail safe rigid frames. A sequence of numerical integrations evaluates the failure probability for any form of load and strength frequency distribution. Results show the optimum design versus allowable failure probability, coefficients of variation and frequency distribution for load and strength and the effect of failure mode correlation which is due to different members being affected by the same loading.

Reliability-Based Structural Design

13 have described the histologic changes that result from the application of coal tar carcinogens to the dermis. Gersh and Catchpole 3 suggested that depolynierization of mucopolysaccharides of the ground substance may have a role in the invasion of connective tissue by tumors. Simpson 16 has indicated that mucolytic enzymes may be elaborated by undifferentiated epithelial cells, and suggested that these enzymes may act as a spreading factor to promote invasion by malignant tumors through deg­ radation of the ground substance. Fanger and Barker 2 described variations in the metachromatic response of the dermis associated with a variety of tumors. They suggested that the alterations in the con­ nective tissue are a proliferative response of the connective tissue to the tumor. The study described in this paper deals with the reaction of connective tissue to benign and malignant lesions of human skin.

The Response of Connective Tissue Associated with Tumors of the Skin

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Reliability-Based Structural Design

The Response of Connective Tissue Associated with Tumors of the Skin