This thesis examines the early years of Anzac Day, providing an account of its troubled history from 1915 to the 1918 commemorations. It examines Anzac Day in the context of an ongoing desire for a ‘national day’, the commemorative patterns that were extant at the time, the rhetoric that was in circulation, and the diverse needs and desires of the ruling elites, the bereaved, and an increasingly war-weary and divided populace.Anzac’s emergence can be traced to a commemorative lacuna which had been articulated in Australia since Federation. By April 1916 a discursive and performative script for the commemoration was in place, derived from wartime public patriotic events and organised by loyalist elites who sought to prosecute the war with the utmost vigour. Their endeavours were inspired as much by the desire to promote recruiting and to mobilise the home front around the war effort as they were to memorialise the casualties from Gallipoli. The intent was to focus national energies on the war and to contain and manage the public grief that followed the campaign so that it did not compromise Australians’ commitment to the struggle.The evidence shows that, in its formative years, the occasion was freighted with the rhetoric of national birth and married with national swagger and self-congratulation around the military achievements of the Anzacs. As such, it struggled to mix a diverse and febrile set of cultural, political, religious and psychological ingredients into an appropriate formula to render a unifying, meaningful and enduring public commemoration. The emphases of organisers in their planning did not allow for the degree of trauma and loss that Australians were experiencing. During this period of major political, ideological and social division in Australia, Anzac Day failed to justify its putative claim to be a national unifier. Many were alienated from the patriotic clamour and obsequious deference to empire which marked the occasion. They were alienated too by the recriminations and bickerings about conscription and enlistment which were persistent themes in its rhetoric.The thesis establishes that Anzac Day lost impetus as a genuinely national civic commemoration through 1917 and 1918 as it struggled to meet the demands placed upon it by the mounting stresses of war. Thus it refutes the idea that Anzac Day’s claim to be the national day was relatively unproblematic in the years immediately after Gallipoli.

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Making ‘the One Day of the Year’: a Genealogy of Anzac Day to 1918

....................................................................................................................................... iii Table of

/pdf/archipelagos-of-peace-australian-peacekeepers-in-2f898pqicq.pdf

Archipelagos of Peace: Australian Peacekeepers in Bougainville, East Timor and Solomon Islands 1997-2006

The influenza pandemic of 1918-1920 was the most serious pandemic in modern world history. Around the globe, tens of millions of people died and hundreds of millions more were infected with a highly virulent virus. Despite the human suffering, the social and economic costs to countries have yet to be fully assessed. Not only did the pandemic impose huge demands on public health systems, it also exacted substantial economic and emotional costs on families, communities and governments which struggled to contain "the scourge". The possibility of a similar infectious disease outbreak in the future has focused research back to this quintessential pandemic as a foundational model for the likely impacts of a modern-day recurrence. However, much of the research has focused on the United States of America, neglecting the experience of many other regions throughout the world. This thesis aims to address this oversight in relation to Queensland's experience of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic. Whilst not discounting the numerous histories on the pandemic's devastating morbidity and mortality, if one of the most significant disease events in world history is to be fully comprehended then, of necessity, the lived experience of the ordinary person must be appreciated.
Officially, nearly one thousand persons are recognised as having died of influenza in Queensland and 13,000 in Australia overall, during the pandemic. Whilst this number pales in significance compared to New Zealand, South Africa and many countries in the northern hemisphere, each death or case of illness was borne by family and friends as well as within the wider community in which the person lived and worked. Based on a critical examination of primary and secondary sources, this thesis provides a nuanced and multi-dimensional analysis of the full gamut of impacts the pandemic had on the state of Queensland and the lived experiences of its people.

The thesis begins with an outline of the pandemic as it spread around the world, before moving on to examine the powers of the state in matters of public health and the machinery at its disposal to respond to the crisis. The pandemic placed the fledgling federation of Australia in a quandary. The Queensland government felt impeded in its ability to combat the pandemic through the unwelcome interference and centralist attitude of the Commonwealth. Even so, the state government was not in a position to undertake the necessary work on the ground. The government viewed the town and shire councils as ideal vehicles to combat the epidemic that had broken out virtually simultaneously throughout the state, as well as to mobilise the thousands of volunteers, upon whom much of the day to day work in contending with the effects of the disease fell as the epidemic rolled through communities across the state.

While the impact on the public health system cannot be overstated, the pandemic period in Queensland coincided with the return of troops from the battlefields of World War One, a state-wide drought and consequent food shortage, labour struggles and maritime strikes, as well as the political tensions and intrigues of a floundering federalism. This thesis elucidates how the pandemic disrupted work and recreation schedules, caused statewide absenteeism and lost productivity in the workplace, as well as creating an overall environment of confusion, panic and resentment. Coming full circle, the thesis ends its examination of lived experiences of the pandemic by looking at the remembrance of its victims. The conclusion reached is that, despite the Australian authorities' penchant for military sacrifice as the defining symbol of nationhood, public memorialisation of civilians – even those who sacrificed their lives in helping others during the pandemic – has long been regarded as lacking sufficient worthiness.

This thesis is not a history of the epidemiology of influenza; rather it is a historical examination of the lived experience of ordinary Queenslanders during the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic. It provides a compelling snapshot of Queensland society trying to grapple with an unparalleled civil crisis at the close of an unprecedented war. Perhaps the strongest message coming through this history is that whilst actions in a time of crisis may not always define the general tenor of societies, knowledge of a community and its people is just as important as having knowledge of epidemiology or medicine in combating infectious disease epidemics.

Flu, society and the state: the political, social and economic implications of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Queensland

Learning is critical to battlefield success. \(Ceteris\) \(paribus\), victory becomes more likely when militaries adapt faster and more effectively than their opponents. This thesis examines the effectiveness of the British army’s process for learning and adaptation across six different operational theatres during the First World War. Using a series of case studies, it considers how the army shared knowledge, responded to change, and integrated newcomers. It finds that the army’s attitudes towards learning were more thoroughgoing than hitherto thought. With its pre-war ethos and increased fluidity in wartime, the army displayed organisational and cultural flexibility across all theatres, encouraging a culture of innovation through the promotion of informal learning and tactical diversity. 

In a broader sense, the thesis does three things. First, it moves beyond the standard Western Front narrative of learning in the First World War, offering a more rounded examination of the army’s experience. Secondly, it highlights the complexity of military learning, considering that which occurs institutionally, between formations, and between theatres. Finally, it reflects on the importance of an organisation’s ethos when faced with uncertainty. This thesis, therefore, offers a point of departure for future studies of traditionally bureaucratic institutions and their ability to learn and innovate.

'Putting knowledge in power' : learning and innovation in the British Army of the First World War

[First paragraph] In 1415, the Portuguese Empire used convicts as part of an expeditionary force sent to conquer the Moroccan presidio (fort) of Ceuta in North Africa. This marked the first known use of condemned criminals by a European power in an expansionary imperial project. Numerous other global powers emulated the Portuguese example in the years, decades and centuries that followed. The Spanish, Dutch, Scandinavians, British, French, Japanese, Chinese, Russians and Soviets all transported convicts over large distances of land or sea; as did the independent states of Latin America, including Cuba, Mexico, Ecuador, Brazil and Argentina. Transportation was a means of punishment, deterrence, and population management and, through the expropriation of convict labour, of occupying and settling distant frontiers. Convicts travelled multi-directionally, shipped outwards from Europe and other metropolitan centres, within nations, and between colonies and the so-called peripheries of empires and polities. Excepting Antarctica, its extent touched every continent of the globe.

Introduction: A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies

List of illustrations and tables Acknowledgments Introduction 1. 'We, too, have hopes and ambitions', 1870-1909 2. Building the Framework, 1910-1913 3. War, 1914 4. 'One of the great battle stories of the British Empire', 1915 5. Conscription and the Labor Split, 1916 6. The disastrous department, 1917 7. 'Pearce is doomed!', 1918 8. London and Washington, 1919-1922 9. Rearmament, 1922-1952 Notes Bibliography Index.

Anzac and Empire: George Foster Pearce and the Foundations of Australian Defence

Aboriginal Convicts: Australian, Khoisan and Mâori Exiles

Part I. Strategy and Policy: 1. Peacekeeping after the Gulf War: Australian defence policy: 1991 2. Peacekeeping in the new world order: Australia's response: 1991-1996 Part II. Cambodia: 3. From Angkor Wat to Pol Pot: Cambodia to 1988 4. Law and order on the border: the Australian federal police and the UN border relief organisation, 1989-1993 5. An Australian peace proposal: the Cambodian peace agreement: 1989-1991 6. First into Phnom Penh: the Australian army contingent in the UN advance mission in Cambodia: 1991-1992 7. The roadblock: Australians in the UN transitional authority in Cambodia, February-May 1992 8. Change in plan: Australians in the UN transitional authority in Cambodia, June-December 1992 9. 'Democracy's surprise triumph': Australians in the UN transitional authority in Cambodia: 1993 10. Developing operation banner: Australian military assistance to Cambodia: 1994-1997 11. Winding up operation banner: the end of Australian military assistance to Cambodia: 1997-1999 Part III. Western Sahara: 12. A good international citizen: Australia's commitment to Western Sahara: 1990-1991 13. Backbone of the mission: the Australians in Western Sahara: 1991-1994 Part IV. Former Yugoslavia: 14. Roads not taken: Australian peacekeeping in the Former Yugoslavia: 1991-1996 15. A modest commitment: Australian peacekeepers in the Former Yugoslavia: 1997-2004 Part V. Watch on Iraq: 16. A new type of commitment: humanitarian relief in Kurdistan: May-June 1991 17. Disarming Iraq: sanctions and weapons inspection: 1991-1992 18. A limited liability: Australia and the hunt for Saddam's weapons: 1993-1997 19. UNSCOM and the US alliance: Australia re-commits forces to the Gulf: 1997-1999.

The Good International Citizen: Australian Peacekeeping in Asia, Africa and Europe 1991-1993

Among the nations that comprised the British Empire, the First World War has generally either been forgotten, as in India, as irrelevant to the achievement of political independence, or remembered, as in Canada, as the catalyst for developing a separate national identity. This article argues that both these historical interpretations ignore the extent to which the First World War was a shared British Empire experience. The article examines the establishment of the War Munitions Supply Company of Western Australia as an example of the popular movement to make artillery ammunition that swept many parts of the British Empire in 1915. The munitions movement provided an outlet for the patriotic surge that occurred in April–May 1915 in reaction to the German use of poison gas and the sinking of the Lusitania. It was also an attempt to overcome wartime economic disruption by creating a new local industry. The practicalities of cost and shipping meant that by 1917 artillery ammunition production was continued onl...

The War Munitions Supply Company of Western Australia and the Popular Movement to Manufacture Artillery Ammunition in the British Empire in the First World War

The 1825-31 frontier war in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) shows the importance of logistics to British success in colonial confl ict during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Despite superior numbers and weaponry, the British were unable to defeat the Tasmanian Aborigines until the colonial governor, Colonel George Arthur, mounted the elaborate operation which became known as the `Black Line'. This forced the Aborigines to surrender and accept removal to a reservation. The supply of the Line during the deployment required the mobilization of both the military and civilian infrastructure, especially the colony's commissariat and survey department.

British Frontier Warfare Logistics and the ‘Black Line’, Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 1830

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