The physical world around us is three-dimensional (3D), yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional (2D) flat images that lack depth (i.e., the third dimension) information. This fundamental restriction greatly limits our ability to perceive and to understand the complexity of real-world objects. Nearly 50% of the capability of the human brain is devoted to processing visual information [Human Anatomy & Physiology (Pearson, 2012)]. Flat images and 2D displays do not harness the brain's power effectively. With rapid advances in the electronics, optics, laser, and photonics fields, true 3D display technologies are making their way into the marketplace. 3D movies, 3D TV, 3D mobile devices, and 3D games have increasingly demanded true 3D display with no eyeglasses (autostereoscopic). Therefore, it would be very beneficial to readers of this journal to have a systematic review of state-of-the-art 3D display technologies.

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Three-dimensional display technologies

We introduce tensor displays: a family of compressive light field displays comprising all architectures employing a stack of time-multiplexed, light-attenuating layers illuminated by uniform or directional backlighting (i.e., any low-resolution light field emitter). We show that the light field emitted by an N-layer, M-frame tensor display can be represented by an Nth-order, rank-M tensor. Using this representation we introduce a unified optimization framework, based on nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF), encompassing all tensor display architectures. This framework is the first to allow joint multilayer, multiframe light field decompositions, significantly reducing artifacts observed with prior multilayer-only and multiframe-only decompositions; it is also the first optimization method for designs combining multiple layers with directional backlighting. We verify the benefits and limitations of tensor displays by constructing a prototype using modified LCD panels and a custom integral imaging backlight. Our efficient, GPU-based NTF implementation enables interactive applications. Through simulations and experiments we show that tensor displays reveal practical architectures with greater depths of field, wider fields of view, and thinner form factors, compared to prior automultiscopic displays.

/pdf/tensor-displays-compressive-light-field-synthesis-using-2ddzht46j8.pdf

Tensor displays: compressive light field synthesis using multilayer displays with directional backlighting

An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to provide a virtual image display apparatus in which occurrence of luminance spots is suppressed to improve efficiency of use of illumination light. In the virtual image display apparatus of the invention, an optical-directivity changing section forms a non-uniform distribution concerning the directivity of image lights GL emitted from an image display device. Therefore, even when an angle of a light beam emitted from the image display device and effectively captured into the eye EY of an observer is substantially different depending on a position of the image display device, it is possible to form the image lights GL having directivity corresponding to such an angle characteristic of light beam capturing. It is possible to suppress occurrence of luminance spots to improve efficiency of use of illumination light.

Virtual image display apparatus

Underlying principles of stereoscopic direct-view displays, binocular head-mounted displays, and autostereoscopic direct-view displays are explained and some early work as well as the state of the art in those technologies are reviewed. Stereoscopic displays require eyewear and can be categorized based on the multiplexing scheme as: 1) color multiplexed (old technology but there are some recent developments; low-quality due to color reproduction and crosstalk issues; simple and does not require additional electronics hardware); 2) polarization multiplexed (requires polarized light output and polarization-based passive eyewear; high-resolution and high-quality displays available); and 3) time multiplexed (requires faster display hardware and active glasses synchronized with the display; high-resolution commercial products available). Binocular head-mounted displays can readily provide 3-D, virtual images, immersive experience, and more possibilities for interactive displays. However, the bulk of the optics, matching of the left and right ocular images and obtaining a large field of view make the designs quite challenging. Some of the recent developments using unconventional optical relays allow for thin form factors and open up new possibilities. Autostereoscopic displays are very attractive as they do not require any eyewear. There are many possibilities in this category including: two-view (the simplest implementations are with a parallax barrier or a lenticular screen), multiview, head tracked (requires active optics to redirect the rays to a moving viewer), and super multiview (potentially can solve the accommodation-convergence mismatch problem). Earlier 3-D booms did not last long mainly due to the unavailability of enabling technologies and the content. Current developments in the hardware technologies provide a renewed interest in 3-D displays both from the consumers and the display manufacturers, which is evidenced by the recent commercial products and new research results in this field.

State of the Art in Stereoscopic and Autostereoscopic Displays

A drive circuit of an image display apparatus has a correction circuit for outputting driving data that is corrected on the basis of a correction value. The correction value is a correction value that corrects variation of brightness of a plurality of pixels. The correction on the basis of the correction value is a correction such that the number of pixels to be darkened by the correction when the driving data inputted for the plurality of pixels have a common first value is fewer than the number of pixels to be darkened by the correction when the driving data inputted for the plurality of pixels have a common second value larger than the first value.

Image Display Apparatus

Methods of reducing perceived image crosstalk in a multiview display. One method includes providing an image stream to a display having a horizontal dimension that extends from a first side of the display to an opposing second side of the display. The image stream includes a temporal sequence of images where at least a first image view and then a second image view are displayed on the display in a time sequential manner. The temporal sequence of images are conditioned before being displayed in order to reduce perceived displayed image crosstalk between the first and second image views. The conditioning includes modifying a color intensity of at least selected pixels along the horizontal dimension based on a non-constant crosstalk correction function for the horizontal dimension.

Methods of reducing perceived image crosstalk in a multiview display

A backlight suitable for use in an autostereoscopic display includes a light guide and a first and second light source assembly. The light guide has opposed first and second major surfaces, and opposed first and second side surfaces. The first and second light source assemblies are disposed to inject visible light into the light guide through the first and second side surfaces, respectively. Substantially all of the first side surface highly transmits a second light portion out of the light guide into air, the second light portion originating from the second light source assembly, and substantially all of the second side surface highly transmits a first light portion in a corresponding fashion. One or more first non-emitting surfaces of the first light source assembly are disposed at least partially between two light-emitting surfaces of the first light source assembly, and are adapted to substantially absorb visible light to reduce crosstalk.

Directional backlight with reduced crosstalk

A display apparatus includes an liquid crystal display panel having a frame response time of less than 5 milliseconds, drive electronics configured to drive the liquid crystal display panel to black between images that are provided to the liquid crystal display panel at a rate of at least 90 images per second, and a backlight positioned to provide light to the liquid crystal display panel. The backlight includes a right eye solid state light source and a left eye solid state light source capable of being modulated between the right eye solid state light source and a left eye solid state light source at a rate of at least 90 Hertz.

Stereoscopic 3d liquid crystal display apparatus with black data insertion

A backlight is disclosed and includes a visible light transmissive body primarily propagating light by TIR with a light input surface and a light output surface and a light guide portion and a light input portion. The light guide portion has a light reflection surface and a light emission surface. The light input portion has opposing side surfaces that are not parallel. One of the opposing surfaces is co-planar with either the light emission surface or the light reflection surface. A light source is disposed adjacent to the light input surface. The light source emits light into the light input portion. A reflective layer is disposed adjacent to or on the opposing side surfaces.

Backlight asymmetric light input wedge

A backlight includes a lightguide having a light emission surface, a first light input surface, a second light input surface opposing the first light input surface, and a lightguide thickness. A plurality of antireflection features are on or in the first light input surface and second light input surface. Each antireflection feature has a base length value and a height value that are less than the light guide thickness. A right eye image solid state light source is positioned to provide light into the first light input surface and a left eye image solid state light source is positioned to provide light into the second light input surface.

Backlight for liquid crystal display

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