We propose that depression can be viewed as an adaptation to conserve energy after the perceived loss of an investment in a vital resource such as a relationship, group identity, or personal asset. Tendencies to process information negatively and experience strong biological reactions to stress (resulting from genes, trauma, or both) can lead to depressogenic beliefs about the self, world, and future. These tendencies are mediated by alterations in brain areas/networks involved in cognition and emotion regulation. Depressogenic beliefs predispose individuals to make cognitive appraisals that amplify perceptions of loss, typically in response to stressors that impact available resources. Clinical features of severe depression (e.g., anhedonia, anergia) result from these appraisals and biological reactions that they trigger (e.g., autonomic, immune, neurochemical). These symptoms were presumably adaptive in our evolutionary history, but are maladaptive in contemporary times. Thus, severe depression can be c...

A Unified Model of Depression Integrating Clinical, Cognitive, Biological, and Evolutionary Perspectives

When approaching religion from a cross-cultural psychological perspective, one faces questions regarding the universals and the specifics of religions across cultural contexts. On the basis of previous theorization and research, the author proposes a model that posits four basic dimensions of religion and individual religiosity that are partially distinct although interconnected: believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging. These dimensions are presumably universally present across religions and cultural contexts and delimitate religion from other similar constructs. They reflect distinct psychological processes (cognitive, emotional, moral, and social), respective goals, conversion motives, types of self-transcendence, and mechanisms explaining the religion-health links. However, across cultural and religious groups, these dimensions may differ in content, salience, and ways in which they are interconnected or emphasized, leading to various forms of religiosity, including functional and dysfunctional ones. Within each dimension, there is additional universality (in structure) and cultural variability (in salience) regarding the way religious cognitions, emotions, morality, and identity are processed. This Big Four religious dimensions model may be a powerful tool for studying universals and cultural specifics of the psychological dimensions of religion.

Believing, Bonding, Behaving, and Belonging The Big Four Religious Dimensions and Cultural Variation

Our approach to understanding self pathology in personality disorder assumes that the capacity to mentalize, that is, the capacity to conceive of mental states as explanations of behavior in oneself and in others, is a key determinant of self-organization. Along with contributory capacities of affect regulation and attention control mechanisms, the capacity for mentalization is acquired in the context of early attachment relationships. Disturbances of attachment relationships will therefore disrupt the normal emergence of these key social-cognitive capacities and create profound vulnerabilities in the context of social relationships. Ours is fundamentally a psychoanalytic approach but we have elaborated our model of social development on the basis of empirical observations as well as clinical work. We define mentalization as a form of mostly preconscious imaginative mental activity, namely, perceiving and interpreting human behavior in terms of intentional mental states (e.g., needs, desires, feelings, beliefs, goals, purposes, and reasons). Mentalizing is imaginative because we have to imagine what other people might be thinking or feeling; an important indicator of high quality of mentalization is the awareness that we cannot know absolutely what is in someone else’s mind. We suggest that a similar kind of imaginative leap is required to understand one’s own mental experience, particularly in relation to emotionally charged issues. In order to conceive of others as having a mind, the individual needs a symbolic representational system for mental states and also must be able to selectively activate states of mind in line with particular intentions, which requires attentional control.

/pdf/the-mentalization-focused-approach-to-self-pathology-1w54fu0rl7.pdf

The mentalization-focused approach to self pathology.

Dissociation is typically defined as the lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences into consciousness and memory. The present article critically evaluates the research literature on cognitive processes in dissociation. The authors' review indicates that dissociation is characterized by subtle deficits in neuropsychological performance (e.g., heightened distractibility). Some of the cognitive phenomena (e.g., weakened cognitive inhibition) associated with dissociation appear to be dependent on the emotional or attentional context. Contrary to a widespread assumption in the clinical literature, dissociation does not appear to be related to avoidant information processing. Rather, it is associated with an enhanced propensity toward pseudo-memories, possibly mediated by heightened levels of interrogative suggestibility, fantasy proneness, and cognitive failures. Evidence for a link between dissociation and either memory fragmentation or early trauma based on objective measures is conspicuously lacking. The authors identify a variety of methodological issues and discrepancies that make it difficult to articulate a comprehensive framework for cognitive mechanisms in dissociation. The authors conclude with a discussion of research domains (e.g., sleep-related experiences, drug-related dissociation) that promise to advance our understanding of cognition and dissociation.

/pdf/cognitive-processes-in-dissociation-an-analysis-of-core-2ff6xsfqyq.pdf

Cognitive processes in dissociation: An analysis of core theoretical assumptions

Double attention bias for positive and negative emotional faces in clinical depression: evidence from an eye-tracking study.

/pdf/traumatic-relationships-and-serious-mental-disorders-1kmqpzw7e8.pdf

Traumatic Relationships and Serious Mental Disorders

Now welcome, the most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, immigration and acculturation mourning adaptation and the next generation. This is the book that many people in the world waiting for to publish. After the announced of this book, the book lovers are really curious to see how this book is actually. Are you one of them? That's very proper. You may not be regret now to seek for this book to read.

/pdf/immigration-and-acculturation-mourning-adaptation-and-the-50tibvqfdv.pdf

Immigration and Acculturation: Mourning, Adaptation, and the Next Generation

/pdf/religion-culture-and-mental-health-fmu2cy64hm.pdf

Religion, Culture, and Mental Health

https://www.psychiatrist.com/read-pdf/8020

Handbook of Depression, 3rd ed

/pdf/new-roles-for-psychiatrists-in-organized-systems-of-care-2szjzvo567.pdf

New Roles for Psychiatrists in Organized Systems of Care

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