Objective: Reviews of research on Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) have speculated how findings may differ when grouped by client and study characteristics. A meta-analytic review by Emrick et al. in 1993 provided empirical support for this concern but did not explore its implications. This review divided results of AA affiliation and outcome research by sample origin and global rating of study quality. The review also examined the statistical power of studies on AA. Method: Meta-analytic procedures were used to summarize the findings of 74 studies that examined AA affiliation and outcome. Results were divided by whether samples were drawn from outpatient or inpatient settings and a global rating of study quality that jointly considered use of subject selection and assignment, reliability of measurement and corroboration of self-report. Efficacy of dividing study results was examined by changes in magnitude of correlations and unexplained variance. Results: AA participation and drinking outcomes were more strong...

Meta-analysis of the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: sample and study characteristics moderate findings.

Recent findings from the empirical literature on Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) suggest that no clear exclusionary criteria for this organization exist, except that alcohol-dependent individuals who become nonproblem drinkers appear to be less likely to affiliate with or maintain involvement in AA. Of those alcoholics who become long term, active AA members, about 40 to 50% enjoy several years of total abstinence, with about 60 to 68% improving to some extent, drinking less or not at all during their participation. Those who combine AA with other forms of treatment seem to do as well as or better than those who go to AA alone. More active AA participants do as well as or better than those who participate less actively. Compared to professionally treated alcoholics, AA members seem to achieve abstinence at a higher rate. Consideration is given to the apparent unsuitability of AA for problem drinkers who choose the goal of nonproblem drinking.

Alcoholics Anonymous: affiliation processes and effectiveness as treatment.

This study collated 58 studies reporting the outcome of alcoholism treatment efforts over a 1-year follow-up period. Four outcome indices described each study; case fatality rate, problem-drinking rate, success rate, and subject unavailability rate. Hierarchical grouping analysis was employed to cluster studies into groups of maximum multivariate similarity. A five-group clustering solution was accepted. Consistencies were noted both within those studies described as having good outcome profiles and within those with poor outcome profiles.

Alcoholism Treatment and Evaluation: In Search of Methods

This study collated 23 articles reporting outcome of alcoholism treatment efforts over a 2-year follow-up period. Broad conclusions reached by Costello (1975) in a similar collation of studies reporting on a 1-year follow-up interval found general support. Similar consistencies were noted across studies within groups described as having good outcome profiles as was noted by the previous collation. Good outcome results from matching relatively better prognostic cases with programs with broad treatment resources. Multiple baselines were offered as guidelines for program evaluation. Baselines were generated in the process of collation by hierachal grouping of outcome profiles. Different baseline to measure effectiveness of performance should prove appropriate for different measuring tasks. No one baseline is appropriate for all measuring tasks.

Alcoholism treatment and evaluation: in search of methods. II. Collation of two-year follow-up studies.

This literature review is a systematic attempt to isolate the personal characteristics of alcoholics generally associated with their prognosis. Forty-five studies which met certain standards for inclusion are summarized here. The description of each study and its corresponding list of characteristics of alcoholics investigated for prognostic value are reported in tables. The tables do not reveal stable predictors across the studies, though some personal characteristics are more generally of predictive value than are others. A number of reasons for the absence of predictor stability are discussed--among them the possibility that certain treatments may work best with certain alcoholic patients.

Prognostic Indicators of Alcoholism Treatment Outcome

Factors linked to success in counseling homeless alcoholics.

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Factors linked to success in counseling homeless alcoholics.

A study of teen-agers arrested for drunkenness.