As the drive towards efficiency and effectiveness in infrastructure spending intensifies, the topic of WLCC (Whole Lifecycle Costing) has taken added importance, aligned with the general mandate of providing the best value for money. The domain of spending on PSA (Physical Security Assets) thereby requires assessment not just regarding the cost but also in various dimensions of risk management, to fulfill the needs and requirements of the users. In addition to that, all elements connected with the PSA need to be analyzed and assessed with a holistic cost-benefit analysis framework. The research aims at undertaking a stochastic analysis of the whole ambit of costs associated with PSA (physical security assets) from feasibility to disposal, with the aim of generating output regarding economic and non-economic indicators. This exercise would generate thus a model which can be deployed by both the private and the public sectors for making better decisions regarding PSA investments, and obtaining best value. Data collection has been done through a survey and other sources, with probabilistic distributions derived for the relevant WLCC cost centers along with validation of the same through statistical tools. Monte Carlo simulation techniques have been used to provide the users with pre-defined parameters. Various sensitivity analysis measures have been incorporated to gauge the variability through changes to crucial inputs. The proposed WLCC model would enable the users to assess the factual overall running costs of investment in PSA, along with risk management parameters, thereby facilitating investment policy implementation. As opposed to deterministic forecasts, it would enable the users to quantify the associated risks with a relative level of certainty. It would, therefore, contribute towards the more efficient use of budgets, equipping the users with statistical results to confidently make the judgment calls regarding various options of investment in PSA.

Modelling Risks for Physical Security Assets Development and Operation in High-Value Retailer Projects in the UAE

The widespread use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems has necessitated the implementation of policies and other regulations to limit their potential for abuse and privacy and civil rights violations. However, little information exists on whether such regulations influence CCTV use and outcomes. Therefore, this study investigated whether CCTV policies moderated the relationship between CCTV use and police operations outcomes in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was informed by Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Theory. It used both a cross-sectional design and a phenomenological design. The study participants comprised police officers attached to the CCTV command center and police stations in Nairobi County. They were sampled using cluster and purposive sampling. A questionnaire, a key informant interview guide, and a focus group guide were used to collect data. The findings revealed that CCTV policies greatly influenced CCTV use. They did, however, have a statistically insignificant moderated effect on the relationship between CCTV use and police operations outcomes (b =.001, 95% CI [-.410, .408], p =.996). The study concluded that CCTV policies influence CCTV use but do not moderate the relationship between CCTV use and police operations outcomes. It recommended that CCTV policies be published and regularly reviewed, and that police officers be sensitized about them. Keywords: CCTV, Policies, Police Operations Outcomes, Moderator CITATION: Kirui, G., Muiya, B., Ochieng, D., &amp; Waithaka, S. (2023). The moderating effect of CCTV policies on the relationship between CCTV use and police operational outcomes. The Strategic Journal of Business &amp; Change Management, 10 (1), 815 – 827. 

The moderating effect of cctv policies on the relationship between cctv use and police operational outcomes

After the events of 9/11, the world's perception of security in the cities has changed. Management and security have become an important issue of contemporary cities. In fact, almost all cities of the world seek to have their cities safe from terrorism, and threats of vice. To reach this goal, the contemporary cities use modern techniques and technologiesin various fields, installed by individuals, societies, as well as institutions. Installing security and civil technologies in public places and vital sites is one of the most important ways to improve safety, security, and civil control. The hardware, software, and qualified human element, with the presence of the latest auxiliary and supportive mechanisms, contribute significantly to achieving safety of the cities. The research examinessecurity technologies implemented in the Al-Salheya residential compound in Iraq to enhance safety of the city. It therefore carries out a comprehensive review of modern security technologies in contemporary cities. It employs a qualitative approach as a research methodology. Data is collected from surveys, observation, questionnaires and interviews. It concludes a variety of security and civil technologies at the levels of monitoring, verification, reaction, central database, and support technologies compatible with the needs of Al-Salheya compound in Iraq. 

Contemporary Technologies for Promoting Safe Cities: The Case of Al-Salheya Compound in Iraq

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) systems are found in a variety of environments and used for a multitude of purposes, leading to differing views of CCTV within an organisation. In accordance to management theory, organisations contain a stratum of work where each level requires specific skills set. In accordance with this work stratum, the study’s methodology used semi-structured interviews with different levels of security personnel in a Casino complex to extract and undertake a thematic analysis. The study extracted 10 CCTV surveillance features across two themes, being its aims and functions. CCTV features included creating a safe environment, protection, legal compliance and audit, management and support, deterrence, investigation and evidence, all of which were considered at each stratum levels; however, with difference in their meaning. Recommendations suggest that articulating clear awareness of CCTV aims and functions across the corporate work spectrum would result in a more effective CCTV surveillance system.

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CCTV surveillance: The differing aims and functions of CCTV within the corporate stratum

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CCTV surveillance: The differing aims and functions of CCTV within the corporate stratum