An overview of preparation and applications of stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles for soil and groundwater remediation.

Guar gum and its composites as potential materials for diverse applications: A review

Porous media transport of iron nanoparticles for site remediation application: A review of lab scale column study, transport modelling and field-scale application.

Sustainable landfill leachate treatment: Optimize use of guar gum as natural coagulant and floc characterization.

Today, nanotechnologies (NTs) are well established in both private households and commercial markets. NTs are fully accepted in several sectors, such as medicine and pharmacy, and in industries, such as chemistry, electricity, food production, military, and other commercial branches, due to their unique properties. With regard to the growing demands for environmental resources caused by the still-growing global population, the application of NTs is an extremely important new branch in the environmental sector, delivering several advantages. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the current developments in environmental remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, and agriculture. More specifically, in the section on environmental remediation, we review the application of NTs towards enhanced reductive dechlorination, removal of heavy metals and remediation of oil spills. In the section on wastewater treatment, we highlight developments in the adsorption of heavy metals and persistent substances, advanced photocatalytic degradation of common wastewater pollutants, and improvements in membrane filtration processes. In the section on drinking water treatment, we discuss applications for the enhanced disinfection of pathogens, removal of heavy metals, point-of-use treatments, and the removal of organic matter. In the final section, on agriculture, we provide an overview of precision farming and the current state of the art concerning nanofertilisers, nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, and nano(bio)sensors.

https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3501/3/1/5/pdf?version=1647512173

Applications of Environmental Nanotechnologies in Remediation, Wastewater Treatment, Drinking Water Treatment, and Agriculture

Pressure-controlled injection of guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron for groundwater remediation.

In the framework of the research project AQUAREHAB (FP7 - G. A. Nr. 226565), a pilot injection test of guar gum stabilized microsized zerovalent iron has been designed and performed under low pressure in a CAHs contaminated site in Belgium, characterized by fine sand (hydraulic conductivity in the order of 2•10-5 m/s) and an effective velocity equal to 0.005 m/day (1). The field application was aimed to overcome those critical aspects which hinder mZVI particles field injection, mainly due to ZVI-based colloidal suspensions instability. A shear thinning guar gum solution (2 g/l) was selected as an environmentally friendly stabilizer. The relevant properties of the iron slurry (iron particles size and concentration, polymeric stabilizer type and concentration, slurry viscosity) were designed in the laboratory based on several tests (namely iron reactivity tests towards contaminants, sedimentation tests and rheological measurements).The slurry preparation was successfully up-scaled to the field application, allowing a fast preparation of large volumes (1 m3 at a time) of slurry with good dissolution of guar gum and effective dispersion of mZVI. Since the injection regime of iron slurries depends on subsurface geotechnical parameters, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, and fluid properties, a specific injection well and monitoring strategy have been developed in order to achieve high discharge rates and radii of influence, and a more homogeneous distribution of the iron particles through low pressure injection. The injection well has been designed and sealed in order to sustain average to high discharge rates, preventing the daylighting of the product. Moreover the well has been hydraulically tested by means of innovative water and guar gum step rate tests in order to determine the most suitable injection rate for the iron slurry. The injection of 50 kg of microsized iron particles (BASF, Germany), dispersed in 5 m3 of a 2 g/l guar gum suspension, was performed at a discharge rate of 1.5 m3/h. The monitoring of the process has been conducted measuring injection rate and pressure as well as iron concentration by means of a magnetic susceptometer. After the injection, the iron distribution in the subsurface was determined through liners extraction and the iron concentration measured both via non-invasive magnetic susceptibility measurements and chemical analysis. Even if the field test was specifically designed to inject in a permeation regime, or on the threshold between permeation and fracturing, the results of monitoring injection pressure and iron distribution proved that particles migration in the porous medium occurred via preferential flow. Results will be presented as well as considerations about critical aspects related to injection via permeation

Field injection of microscale zerovalent iron for groundwater remediation

In the framework of the research project AQUAREHAB (FP7 - G. A. Nr. 226565), a pilot injection test of guar gum stabilized microsized zerovalent iron (mZVI) was designed and performed under low pressure in a CAHs contaminated site in Belgium. Since the injection regime of iron slurries depends on subsurface geotechnical parameters, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, and fluid properties, a specifically designed injection well was installed and a monitoring set-up developed in order to achieve high discharge rates and radii of influence, and a likely homogeneous distribution of the iron particles through low pressure injection. The injection well was designed and sealed in order to sustain average to high discharge rates, preventing the daylighting of the product. Moreover it was hydraulically tested by means of innovative water and guar gum step rate injection tests in order to determine the most suitable injection rate for the iron slurry. A subsequent injection of 50 kg of microsized iron particles (BASF, Germany), dispersed in 5 m3 of a 2 g/l guar gum suspension, was performed at a discharge rate of 1.5 m3/h. The monitoring of the process was conducted measuring injection rate and pressure as well as iron concentration by means of a magnetic susceptometer. After the injection, the iron distribution in the subsurface was determined through liners extraction and the iron concentration measured both via non-invasive magnetic susceptibility measurements and chemical analysis. The field test was specifically designed to inject in a permeation regime, or on the threshold between permeation and fracturing. A radius of influence in the order of 1 m was obtained. The presence of mZVI particles was detected up to 1.7 m from the injection point

Low pressure injection of guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron particles: a pilot study

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Pressure-controlled injection of guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron for groundwater remediation.

Field injection of microscale zerovalent iron for groundwater remediation

Low pressure injection of guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron particles: a pilot study