The contribution of the force of the lips, cheeks, and tongue is of particular interest in planning treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in lip and tongue pressure as a function of gender, age, Angle classification, characteristics of occlusion, and oral habits.

This cross-sectional study comprised 107 subjects (63 females and 44 males), between 7 and 45 years of age (median 15.2 years), seeking orthodontic treatment. The patients were characterized by the variables gender, age, Angle classification, the characteristics of the occlusion, and oral habits. Lip and tongue pressure were measured with a Myometer 160 and the obtained values were statistically analysed (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests) to highlight possible significant differences between the groups.

There was a difference in lip pressure between males and females, between the Angle Classes, and between patients with various associated oral habits. Lip pressure was not significantly correlated with age or with occlusal characteristics. There was no evidence for a relationship between tongue pressure and any of the five considered variables. The findings of present study showed statistically significant differences in lip pressure between different orthodontic patients. There was a difference ( P = 0.004) in lip pressure between Class I and Class II division 1 subjects. A higher lip pressure exists in males. Lip pressure in subjects with an open lip relationship was lower ( P = 0.026) when compared with those with tongue interposition or with no particular habits. Lip pressure was also lower in subjects with lip interposition compared with those with tongue interposition.

/pdf/lip-and-tongue-pressure-in-orthodontic-patients-3sici3a1xq.pdf

Lip and tongue pressure in orthodontic patients

Effects of upper lip closing force on craniofacial structures.

Objective: To describe tongue pressure changes before, during, and after crib appliance therapy in mixed dentition open bite cases. Materials and Methods: A crib appliance was applied to each of the 13 patients in the study group. The control group consisted of six patients. Tongue pressures were measured using a diaphragm-type pressure transducer during rest position and swallowing in changing intervals for 12 months in both groups. Tongue pressures were performed on the upper first molar, upper and lower central incisors, and on the middle spur of the crib appliance. Results: In the study group, the initial resting tongue pressure on the upper molar increased after appliance insertion and was followed by a decreasing trend for 12 months. The resting tongue pressures on the upper and lower incisors remained lower than initial values at the end of 12 months. Swallowing pressures returned to initial values at the end of 12 months, and the changes were insignificant. The resting and swallowing tong...

/pdf/tongue-pressure-changes-before-during-and-after-crib-3rrv5j461f.pdf

Tongue Pressure Changes Before, During and After Crib Appliance Therapy

http://www.lucalombardo.net/download/articoli/Lip%20Pressure%20Jan%202011%20AJODO.pdf

Lip pressure at rest and during function in 2 groups of patients with different occlusions

Objective: To measure the closing force of the upper and lower lips and to ascertain the relationship between the maximum closing force of the mentolabial muscles and types of malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Of those who showed the full eruption of a second molar and no permanent tooth loss, 99 subjects were chosen who showed a positive overbite and ANB and no skeletal asymmetry. By using the Y-meter, which can measure the lip force in the vertical direction using a load cell, the closing forces of the upper and lower lips were measured separately. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Pearson's correlation test were used to evaluate the interrelationship between lip force and dentofacial morphology. Results: The lip closing force was greater in male and Class I subjects. Upper lip force was greater than that of the lower lip in all groups. The values of lip closing forces were related to the variables of upper incisor angulation. In Class II subjects, the values of lip closing...

Maximum closing force of mentolabial muscles and type of malocclusion.

No Available. Based on a master thesis, The Ohio State University, March 1977.

A comparison of maximum perioral muscle forces in North American blacks and whites.

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A comparison of maximum perioral muscle forces in North American blacks and whites.