The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is an invasive pentatomid introduced from Asia into the United States, Canada, multiple European countries, and Chile. In 2010, BMSB populations in the mid-Atlantic United States reached outbreak levels and subsequent feeding severely damaged tree fruit as well as other crops. Significant nuisance issues from adults overwintering inside homes were common. BMSB is a highly polyphagous species with a strong dispersal capacity and high reproductive output, potentially enabling its spread and success in invaded regions. A greater understanding of BMSB biology and ecology and its natural enemies, the identification of the male-produced aggregation pheromone, and the recognition that BMSB disperses into crops from adjacent wooded habitats have led to the development of behavior-based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Much is still unknown about BMSB, and continued long-term collaborative studies are necessary to refine crop-specific IPM pr...

Impact of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in North America and Europe: History, biology, ecology, and management.

The effect of temperature on development and the effect of photoperiod on diapause incidence of insects are common topics in insect physiology. Related to these topics, are 3 important concepts: the lower and upper developmental thresholds, which represent the lower and upper limits of thermal range for insects to develop, and the critical photoperiod, which causes diapause in 50% of a population. To compare lower or upper developmental thresholds of 2 different developmental stages or of 2 populations at the same developmental stage is difficult because of the lack of a suitable statistical method. Shi et al. (2010) proposed 2 methods for testing whether there is a significant difference between 2 lower developmental thresholds. However, these 2 methods are only applicable to the linear relationship between developmental rate and temperature. There are also many studies on the geographic variation in the critical photoperiods for different populations of an insect species. Also, a method is lacking for testing whether there is a significant difference between 2 critical photoperiods. In this study, we test bootstrap to determine if there is a significant difference between different parameters. Bootstrap can then be used to compare any 2 lower or upper developmental thresholds, or to compare 2 critical photoperiods. It can also provide the confidence interval of a critical photoperiod. El efecto de la temperatura sobre el desarrollo y el efecto del fotoperiodo sobre la incidencia de la diapausa de insectos son temas comunes en la fisiologia de insectos. En relacion a estos temas, hay tres conceptos importantes: los umbrales inferiores y superiores de desarrollo, que representan los limites inferiores y superiores del rango termico de los insectos a desarrollar, y el fotoperiodo critico, lo que causa la diapausa en el 50% de la poblacion. Para comparar los umbrales inferiores y superiores de desarrollo de dos etapas diferentes de desarrollo de dos poblaciones en el mismo estado de desarrollo es dificil debido a la falta de un metodo estadistico adecuado. Shi et al. (2010) propusieron dos metodos para comprobar si existe una diferencia significativa entre los dos umbrales mas bajos de desarrollo. Sin embargo, estos dos metodos solo son aplicables a la relacion lineal entre la tasa de desarrollo y de la temperatura. Tambien hay muchos estudios sobre la variacion geografica en el fotoperiodo critico para las diferentes poblaciones de una especie de insecto. Ademas, tambien hace falta un metodo para comprobar si existe una diferencia significativa entre los dos fotoperiodos criticos. En este estudio, se utilizo el metodo de “bootstrap” para determinar si existe una diferencia significativa entre los diferentes parametros. Se puede usar este metodo para comparar cualquier dos umbrales de desarrollo inferiores o superiores, o para comparar dos fotoperiodos criticos. Tambien puede proveer un intervalo de confianza de un fotoperiodo critico. View this article in BioOne

https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-94/issue-4/024.094.0442/Applications-of-the-Bootstrap-to-Insect-Physiology/10.1653/024.094.0442.pdf

Applications of the Bootstrap to Insect Physiology

Diapause is a complex and dynamic process. Chilo suppressalis, an important rice pest in Asia enters facultative diapause as larvae. Our results demonstrated in Yangzhou, China, diapause was initiated between September 4 and 12, 2010. After diapause termination, C. suppressalis remained in quiescence in the field for as long as three months. The average time between collection of field larvae of C. suppressalis and their pupation decreased as the season progressed from fall to next spring. Unexpectedly, the pupated ratio of female to male in the initiation of diapause was 0.22. The abundance of hsp90, hsp70, hsp60 and CsAQP1 all peaked on January 8 or 15, 2011. Nitric oxide (NO) is a secondary messenger that is positively correlated with the diapause of C. suppressalis. Among several geographically separated populations of C. suppressalis, there are no significant differences in the mRNA levels of hsp70, hsp60 or CsAQP1.

/pdf/diapause-signal-and-molecular-characteristics-of-3fi4l0dq97.pdf

Diapause, signal and molecular characteristics of overwintering Chilo suppressalis (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Temperature-based degree-day models describe insect seasonality and to predict key phenological events. We expand on the use of a temperature-based process defining timing of reproduction through the incorporation of female reproductive physiology for the invasive pentatomid species Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug. A five-stage ranking system based on ovary development was able to distinguish between the reproductive statuses of field-collected females. Application of this ranking method described aspects of H. halys' seasonality, overwintering biology, and phenology across geographic locations. Female H. halys were collected in the US from NJ, WV, NC, OR, and two sites in PA in 2006-2008 (Allentown, PA only) and 2012-2014. Results identify that H. halys enters reproductive diapause in temperate locations in the fall and that a delay occurs in developmental maturity after diapause termination in the spring. Modification of the Snyder method to identify biofix determined 12.7-hr photoperiod as the best fit to define initiation of reproduction in the spring. Applying the biofix, we demonstrated significant differences between locations for the rate at which the overwintering generation transition into reproductive status and the factors contributing to this difference require further study. For example, after including abiotic variables influencing development such as temperature and photoperiod (critical diapause cue), reproduction occurred earlier in OR and for an extended period in NJ. This data describe a method to investigate insect seasonality by incorporating physiological development across multiple regions that can clarify phenology for insects with overlapping generations.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.3125

Phenology of brown marmorated stink bug described using female reproductive development.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive pest that has expanded its range outside of its original confinements in Eastern Asia, spreading through the United States, Canada and most of the European and Eurasian countries. The invasiveness of this agricultural and public nuisance pest is facilitated by the availability of an array of suitable hosts, an r-selected life history and the release from natural enemies in the invaded zones. Traditional monitoring methods are usually impeded by the lack of time and resources to sufficiently cover large geographical ranges. Therefore, the citizen science initiative “BugMap” was conceived to complement and assist researchers in breaking down the behavior of this invasive pest via a user-friendly, freely available mobile application. The collected data were employed to forecast its predicted distribution and to identify the areas at risk in Trentino, Northern Italy. Moreover, they permitted the uncovering of the seasonal invasion dynamics of this insect, besides providing insight into its phenological patterns, life cycle and potential management methods. Hence, the outcomes of this work emphasize the need to further integrate citizens in scientific endeavors to resolve ecological complications and reduce the gap between the public and science.

Coupling Traditional Monitoring and Citizen Science to Disentangle the Invasion of Halyomorpha halys

Diapause in insects occurs in response to environmental cues, such as changes in photoperiod, and it is a major adaptation by which insects synchronize their activity with biotic resources and environmental constraints. For multivoltine agricultural insect pests, diapause initiation is an important consideration in management decisions, particularly toward the end of the growing season. The grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), is the main insect pest affecting viticulture, and this insect responds to postsummer solstice photoperiods to initiate diapause. Because the range of grape berry moth extends from southern Canada to the southern United States, different populations are exposed to different photoperiodic regimes. We quantified the diapause response in grape berry moth populations from Arkansas, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Virginia, and observed latitudinal variation in diapause initiation. Populations from Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania responded significantly different than those from Arkansas, Texas, and Virginia. We also observed, as a consequence of our experiments, that the timing of our laboratory studies influenced grape berry moth's response to photoperiod, ceteris paribus. Experiments that were conducted when grape berry moth would be naturally in diapause resulted in a significant higher proportion of diapausing pupae at photoperiods (i.e., > 15 h) that generally do not induce diapause, suggesting that attention should be paid to the timing of behavioral and physiological experiments on insects. This relationship between photoperiod and diapause induction in grape berry moth across geographic regions will provide applicable knowledge to improve pest management decisions.

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2010/nrs_2010_timer_001.pdf

Geographic variation in diapause induction: the grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Over two growing seasons, Isomate GBM-Plus tube-type dispensers releasing the major pheromone component of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortri- cidae), were evaluated in vineyards (Vitis spp.) in Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania. Dispensers were deployed in three different density-arrangement treatments: 124 dispensers per ha, 494 dis- pensers per ha, and a combined treatment with 124 dispensers per ha in the vineyard interior and 988 dispensers per ha at the vineyard border, equivalent to an overall density of 494 dispensers per ha. Moth captures and cluster infestation levels were compared at the perimeter and interior of vineyards receiving these different pheromone treatments and in vineyards receiving no pheromone. Orien- tation of male moths to pheromone-baited traps positioned at the perimeter and interior of vineyards was reduced as a result of mating disruption treatments compared with the nontreated control. These Þndings were consistent over both years of the study. Disruption of male moth captures in traps varied from 93 to 100% in treated vineyards, with the 494 dispensers per ha application rates providing signiÞcantly higher level of disruption than the 124 dispensers per ha rate, but only in 2007. Mea- surements of percentage of cluster infestation indicated much higher infestation at perimeters than in the interior of the vineyards in all three regions, but in both sample positions there was no signiÞcant effect of dispenser density on cluster infestation levels in either year. The contrasting results of high disruption of moth orientation to traps in vineyards that also had low levels of crop protection from this pheromone treatment are discussed in the context of strategies to improve mating disruption of this tortricid pest.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Economic-Entomology/volume-105/issue-3/EC11142/Comparison-of-Three-Dispenser-Distribution-Patterns-for-Pheromone-Mating-Disruption/10.1603/EC11142.pdf

Comparison of Three Dispenser Distribution Patterns for Pheromone Mating Disruption of Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Vineyards

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Papers

Phenology of brown marmorated stink bug described using female reproductive development.

Geographic variation in diapause induction: the grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Comparison of Three Dispenser Distribution Patterns for Pheromone Mating Disruption of Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Vineyards