Today, manufacturing industries are trying to improve their competitiveness by combining manufacturing per se with information technology Virtual reality is being used in product development processes in manufacturing enterprises as a helpful technology to achieve rapid consolidation of information and decision-making through visualization and experience In this article, 154 articles relevant to virtual reality’s application to manufacturing were surveyed and analyzed For this, (1) an analysis map was created, based on a virtual reality technology classification and the new product development process; (2) the articles investigated were located on the map; and (3) bibliometric analyses were carried out Trends in past and present research were examined and future virtual reality research directions and application plans for manufacturing enterprises are discussed

Virtual reality applications in manufacturing industries: Past research, present findings, and future directions:

A VR simulation framework integrated with multisource CAE analysis data for mechanical equipment working process

Prototyping and evaluation are imperative phases of the present product design and development process. Although digital modeling and analysis methods are widely employed at various product development stages, still, building a physical prototype makes the present typical process expensive and time consuming. Therefore, it is necessary to implement new technologies, such as virtual prototyping, which can enable industry to have a rapid and more controlled decision making process. Virtual prototyping has come a long way in recent years, where current environments enable stereoscopic visuals, surround sound and ample interaction with the generated models. It is also important to evaluate how representative the developed virtual prototype is when compared to the real-world counterpart and the sense of presence reported by users of the virtual prototype. This paper describes the systematic procedure to develop a virtual prototype of Gazal-1 (i.e., the first car prototype designed by Saudi engineers) in a semi-immersive virtual environment. The steps to develop a virtual prototype from CAD (computer-aided design) models are explained in detail. Various issues involved in the different phases for the development of the virtual prototype are also discussed comprehensively. The paper further describes the results of the subjective assessment of a developed virtual prototype of a Saudi Arabian-designed automobile. User’s feedback is recorded using a presence questionnaire. Based on the user-based study, it is revealed that the virtual prototype is representative of the real Saudi Arabian car and offers a flexible environment to analyze design features when compared against its physical prototype. The capabilities of the virtual environment are validated with the application of the car prototype. Finally, vital requirements and directions for future research are also presented.

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Development and Evaluation of the Virtual Prototype of the First Saudi Arabian-Designed Car

Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that has existed since the 1960s, but due to its high equipment cost, its use was limited. During the last decade, advancements in computers and reduction of technology costs made VR accessible and its applications widespread in various fields, including manufacturing. In this paper, a virtual environment for a robotic cell is developed, so that the layout design is validated and implementation planning is conducted to set up the real robotic cell. We show how the developed semi-immersive environment provides users with a sense of presence in the digital environment, and how it enables them to work with 1∶1 scale digital objects as in the real world. The application of the developed virtual environment is further discussed for teaching and training purposes.

Virtual reality for manufacturing: A robotic cell case study

The work presented in this paper outlines a design framework for flexibly automated manufacturing cells in a Virtual Reality environment. Design encompassing structure/configuration and control/operation aspects of manufacturing cells is supported through different levels of analysis. The cornerstone is semantic models that are constructed for stereotypical manufacturing cell objects and their relations but are extensible for new ones. VRML 3D models of these objects are created and introduced into the virtual world. Core methods are developed for object functional control. A major class of methods at object level refers to trivial and non-trivial kinematics for stereotypical objects such as robots, machine tools and conveyors. The main method at cell level pertains to controlling interactions among different manufacturing tasks and is based on definition of control-interpreted Petri Nets at two levels of detail: generic nets, which are less detailed and directly derive from semantic models, and specific nets, which add further detail that cannot be included in a practical way in the semantic nets. Furthermore, special attention is directed to the user within the virtual environment, by providing mostly visual tools that enhance user perception as well as information and manipulation tools that facilitate interaction with the virtual manufacturing cell being designed. The virtual environment was developed from scratch using relatively high-level 3D graphics development tools and open libraries and is thus amenable to extensions.

Structured design of flexibly automated manufacturing cells through semantic models and petri nets in a virtual reality environment

The design process of automated manufacturing systems typically involves physical prototypes to validate the interactions between hardware and software components. However, physical prototyping is expensive and time consuming, which often leads to insufficient opportunities for testing early during the development cycle. Our objective is to improve this situation by providing a method to develop realistic prototypes using virtual reality technology that can be applied during earlier development stages. Our approach combines a virtual reality engine capable of enacting the laws of rigid body physics with a new hybrid software modelling language to control the simulated hardware using virtual sensors and actuators as they would be present in a physical prototype. The new modelling language is called Geometry-driven Petri nets (GPN) and combines a class of timed, high-level Petri nets with data structures used in state-of-the-art VR environments. This article describes the new GPN approach, applies it to a case study of an automated manufacturing line, and compares it with related approaches.

Virtual prototyping of automated manufacturing systems with Geometry-driven Petri nets

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Virtual prototyping of automated manufacturing systems with Geometry-driven Petri nets