This paper represents an expert view from Europe of future emerging technologies within the wind energy sector considering their potential, challenges, applications and technology readiness and how they might evolve in the coming years. These technologies were identified as originating primarily from the academic sector, some start-up companies and a few larger industrial entities. The following areas were considered: airborne wind energy, offshore floating concepts, smart rotors, wind-induced energy harvesting devices, blade tip-mounted rotors, unconventional power transmission systems, multi-rotor turbines, alternative support structures, modular high voltage direct current generators, innovative blade manufacturing techniques, diffuser-augmented turbines and small turbine technologies. The future role of advanced multiscale modelling and data availability is also considered. This expert review has highlighted that more research will be required to realise many of these emerging technologies. However, there is a need to identify synergies between fundamental and industrial research by correctly targeting public and private funding in these emerging technology areas as industrial development may outpace more fundamental research faster than anticipated.

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Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: A European perspective

Recent technology and challenges of wind energy generation: A review

Electricity in the air: Insights from two decades of advanced control research and experimental flight testing of airborne wind energy systems

Wing Theory By Prof. A. Robinson and J. A. Laurmann. (Cambridge Aeronautical Series.) Pp. ix + 569. (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1956.) 75s. net.

Theory of Flight

Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy Provides Mechanistic Insights in Fuel Synthesis and Conversion

Multiple-kite airborne wind energy systems (MAWES) aim to efficiently harvest the stronger, less-intermittent winds at high altitude without material-intensive towers. Solving a series of optimal control problems for two-kite MAWES, we show that pumping-cycle MAWES have three distinct operational regions: Region I, where power is consumed to stay aloft; Region II, where the power harvesting factor grows until the design wind speed; and Region III, where the power extraction is curtailed so as to respect the physical limitations of the system. The actuator disk (AD) method is arguably the simplest tool to model aerodynamic induction effects, though its validity is limited. In this paper, we show that AD is not valid for Region I.

Operational Regions of a Multi-Kite AWE System

Gasoline-controlled auto ignition is a promising technology capable of reducing both fuel consumption and emissions at the same time. There are, however, challenges to overcome in order to make pra...

Nonlinear model predictive control of a discrete-cycle gasoline-controlled auto ignition engine model: Simulative analysis

Economic nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is a variant of NMPC that directly optimizes an economic performance index instead of a tracking error. Although economic NMPC can achieve excellent closed-loop performance, the associated computational effort as well as the difficulty of guaranteeing stability in practice are its main drawbacks. Motivated by these difficulties, a formal procedure was developed that tunes a tracking (non)linear MPC scheme so that it is first-order equivalent to economic NMPC. This letter introduces TuneMPC, a new open-source software framework that closes the gap between the underlying theory and practical application of this tuning procedure. For user-provided system dynamics, constraints and economic objective, TuneMPC enables automated computation of optimal steady states and periodic trajectories, and returns the corresponding tuned stage cost matrices. To demonstrate the potential of the tool, we apply the technique to the challenging example of an autonomous tethered aircraft flying periodic orbits for airborne wind energy harvesting.

TuneMPC—A Tool for Economic Tuning of Tracking (N)MPC Problems

/pdf/the-effect-of-realistic-wind-profiles-on-multiple-kite-4h0oa4medo.pdf

The Effect of Realistic Wind Profiles on Multiple-Kite System Optimal Control

Multiple-kite airborne wind energy (AWE) systems are typically characterized by unstable and highly non-linear dynamics which often translates to intricate controller design and challenging coordination problems. Rotary kite AWE systems (RAWES) have been alternatively proposed for small-scale applications, under the assumption that they can reduce the complexity of the control problem. This paper confirms that a small, rigid-wing RAWES in pumping mode can be controlled effectively in a large operational range, using only pitch control as on-board actuation. Optimal control is applied to compute RAWES pumping trajectories in different operating regions, for a design geometry that is optimized for a rated wind speed under structural constraints. The reduced control complexity comes at the cost of a low harvesting factor, close to that of conventional wind turbines.

Optimal Control of a Rigid-Wing Rotary Kite System for Airborne Wind Energy

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