With the end of both Dennard's scaling and Moore's law, computer users and researchers are aggressively exploring alternative forms of computing in order to continue the performance scaling that we have come to enjoy. Among the more salient and practical of the post-Moore alternatives are reconfigurable systems, with Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) seemingly capable of striking a balance between performance and programmability. In this paper, we survey the landscape of CGRAs. We summarize nearly three decades of literature on the subject, with a particular focus on the premise behind the different CGRAs and how they have evolved. Next, we compile metrics of available CGRAs and analyze their performance properties in order to understand and discover knowledge gaps and opportunities for future CGRA research specialized towards High-Performance Computing (HPC). We find that there are ample opportunities for future research on CGRAs, in particular with respect to size, functionality, support for parallel programming models, and to evaluate more complex applications.

A Survey on Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures From a Performance Perspective

Aiming at the problem that the traditional license plate recognition method lacking of accuracy and speed, an end-to-end deep learning model for license plate location and recognition in natural scenarios was proposed. First, we added an improved channel attention mechanism to the down-sampling process of the You only look once(YOLOv5). Additionally, a location information is added in the ones to minimize the information loss from sampling, which can improve the feature extraction ability of the model. Then we reduce the number of parameters on the input side and set only one class in the YOLO layer, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of the detector for locating license plates. Finally, Gated recurrent units(GRU) + Connectionist temporal classification(CTC) was used to build the recognition network to complete the character segmentation-free recognition task of the license plate, significantly shortened the training time and improved the convergence speed and recognition accuracy of the network. The experimental results show that the average recognition precision of the license plate recognition model proposed in this paper reaches 98.98%, which is significantly better than the traditional recognition algorithm, and the recognition effect is good in complex environment with good stability and robustness. 

/pdf/license-plate-recognition-system-based-on-improved-yolov5-1bdnrphn.pdf

License Plate Recognition System Based on Improved YOLOv5 and GRU

The security of key and critical infrastructures is crucial for uninterrupted industrial process flow needed in strategic management as these facilities are major targets of invaders. The emergence of non-military use of drones especially for logistics comes with the challenge of redefining the anti-drone approach in determining a drone’s harmful status in the airspace based on certain metrics before countering it. In this work, a vision-based multi-tasking anti-drone framework is proposed to detect drones, identifies the airborne objects, determines its harmful status through perceived threat analysis, and checks its proximity in real-time prior to taking an action. The model is validated using manually generated 5460 drone samples from six (6) drone models under sunny, cloudy, and evening scenarios and 1709 airborne objects samples of seven (7) classes under different environments, scenarios (blur, scales, low illumination), and heights. The proposed model was compared with seven (7) other object detection models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, F1-score, latency, throughput, reliability, and efficiency. The simulation result reveals that, overall, the proposed model achieved superior multi-drone detection accuracy of 99.6%, attached object identification of sensitivity of 99.80%, and F1-score of 99.69%, with minimal error, low latency, and less computational complexity needed for effective industrial facility aerial surveillance. A benchmark dataset is also provided for subsequent performance evaluation of other object detection models.

/pdf/dronet-multi-tasking-framework-for-real-time-industrial-23z6x255.pdf

DRONET: Multi-Tasking Framework for Real-Time Industrial Facility Aerial Surveillance and Safety

Wireless sensing is the state-of-the-art technique for next generation health activity monitoring. Smart homes and healthcare centres have a demand for multi-subject health activity monitoring to cater for future requirements. 5G-sensing coupled with deep learning models has enabled smart health monitoring systems, which have the potential to classify multiple activities based on variations in channel state information (CSI) of wireless signals. Proposed is the first 5G-enabled system operating at 3.75 GHz for multi-subject, in-home health activity monitoring, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Classified are activities of daily life performed by up to 4 subjects, in 16 categories. The proposed system combines subject count and activities performed in different classes together, resulting in simultaneous identification of occupancy count and activities performed. The CSI amplitudes obtained from 51 subcarriers of the wireless signal are processed and combined to capture variations due to simultaneous multi-subject movements. A deep learning convolutional neural network is engineered and trained on the CSI data to differentiate multi-subject activities. The proposed system provides a high average accuracy of 91.25% for single subject movements and an overall high multi-class accuracy of 83% for 4 subjects and 16 classification categories. The proposed system can potentially fulfill the needs of future in-home health activity monitoring and is a viable alternative for monitoring public health and well being.

/pdf/5g-enabled-contactless-multi-user-presence-and-activity-1zocub9pef.pdf

5G-enabled contactless multi-user presence and activity detection for independent assisted living.

Today almost every person’s life revolves around internet and Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is a paradigm which interconnects devices, people, or networks with the ability to process and respond to any physical or virtual communication without a glitch. It is contemplated to be the next era of communication and made devices smarter and more efficient. IoT hits every application area from home controllers and healthcare to agriculture. It utilizes internet connectivity, sensors and numerous other technologies and protocols for data collection and analysis and delivers user required services effectively. In this paper, a detailed review on various architectures, technologies and protocols used in an IoT eco-system is presented. We have also discussed possible layer wise attacks and how new technologies, fog, edge, cloud, artificial intelligence, machine learning and blockchain could be integrated to existing IoT architecture to deliver flawless services and better security. A summary of current research challenges and future directions in this area is also discussed.

IoT Eco-system, Layered Architectures, Security and Advancing Technologies: A Comprehensive Survey

Object detection and classification is an essential task of computer vision. A very efficient algorithm for detection and classification is YOLO (You Look Only Once). We consider hardware architectures to run YOLO in real-time on embedded platforms. Designing a new dedicated accelerator for each new version of YOLO is not feasible given the fast delivery of new versions. This work’s primary goal is to design a configurable and scalable core for creating specific object detection and classification systems based on YOLO, targeting embedded platforms. The core accelerates the execution of all the algorithm steps, including pre-processing, model inference and post-processing. It considers a fixed-point format, linearised activation functions, batch-normalisation, folding, and a hardware structure that exploits most of the available parallelism in CNN processing. The proposed core is configured for real-time execution of YOLOv3-Tiny and YOLOv4-Tiny, integrated into a RISC-V-based system-on-chip architecture and prototyped in an UltraScale XCKU040 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The solution achieves a performance of 32 and 31 frames per second for YOLOv3-Tiny and YOLOv4-Tiny, respectively, with a 16-bit fixed-point format. Compared to previous proposals, it improves the frame rate at a higher performance efficiency. The performance, area efficiency and configurability of the proposed core enable the fast development of real-time YOLO-based object detectors on embedded systems.

/pdf/a-full-featured-configurable-accelerator-for-object-5e47vnsmgc.pdf

A Full Featured Configurable Accelerator for Object Detection With YOLO

This paper introduces Versat, a minimal Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Array (CGRA) used as a hardware accelerator to optimize performance and power in a heterogeneous system. Compared to other works, Versat features a smaller number of functional units and a simpler controller, mainly used for reconfiguration and data transfer control. This stems from the observation that competitive acceleration can be achieved with a smaller array and more flexible reconfigurations. Partial reconfiguration plays a central role in Versat’s runtime reconfiguration scheme. Results on core area, frequency, power and performance are presented and compared to other implementations.

Versat, a Minimal Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Array

Object detection is an important task for many applications, like transportation, security, and medical applications. Many of these applications are needed on edge devices to make local decisions. Therefore, it is necessary to provide low-cost, fast solutions for object detection. This work proposes a configurable hardware core on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for object detection. The configurability of the core allows its deployment on target devices with diverse hardware resources. The object detection accelerator is based on YOLO, for its good accuracy at moderate computational complexity. The solution was applied to the design of a core to accelerate the Tiny-YOLOv3, based on a CNN developed for constrained environments. However, it can be applied to other YOLO versions. The core was integrated into a full system-on-chip solution and tested with the COCO dataset. It achieved a performance from 7 to 14 FPS in a low-cost ZYNQ7020 FPGA, depending on the quantization, with an accuracy reduction from 2.1 to 1.4 points of mAP50.

Configurable Hardware Core for IoT Object Detection

In this paper we present a k-means clustering algorithm for the Versat architecture, a small and low power Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Array (CGRA). This algorithm targets ultra low energy devices where using a GPU or FPGA accelerator is out of the question. The Versat architecture has been enhanced with pointer support, the possibility of using the address generators for general purposes, and cumulative and conditional operations for the ALUs. The algorithm is based on two hardware datapaths for the two basic steps of the algorithm: the assignment and the update steps. The program is fully parameterizable with the number of datapoints, centroids, coordinates, and memory pointers for reading and writing the data. The execution time scales linearly with the number of datapoints, centers or dimensions. The results show that the new Versat core is 9.4× smaller than an ARM Cortex A9 core, runs the algorithm 3.8× faster and consumes 46.3× less energy.

K-means clustering on CGRA

Topology optimization of light structures using the natural neighbour radial point interpolation method

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