We report the impact of radiocesium released by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident on fruit trees in the vicinity. Specifically, we discuss our findings related to the absorption and translocation of radiocesium in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees because peaches are a major crop in Fukushima Prefecture.

/pdf/distribution-of-radiocesium-from-the-radioactive-fallout-in-2456jtbxew.pdf

Distribution of Radiocesium from the Radioactive Fallout in Fruit Trees

Anomalous embryo sac development and fruit abortion caused by inbreeding depression in almond (Prunus dulcis)

Split pit in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) fruit is an internal disorder that can have adverse effects on fruit quality and shelf stability. As it is difficult to distinguish split-pit fruit from normal fruit by appearance, a nondestructive detection method is desirable to determine accurately the timing of split-pit occurrence and remove unwanted fruit from trees. In our recent study, we used an acoustic vibration method for the nondestructive detection of split pit in harvested peach fruit. Here, we demonstrate that this method can be used to detect split pit in unpicked peach fruit. Time-course monitoring of growing fruit revealed that the ratio of the third (f3) to the second (f2) resonant frequency (f3/f2), which is an indicator of split pit in harvested fruit, abruptly increased in unpicked split-pit fruit from early June to early July. In contrast, the f3/f2 values of normal fruit remained low until harvest in late July. The increase in f3/f2 values of split-pit fruit was observed in early June (stage II of fruit growth) and/or from late June to early July (stage III of fruit growth), suggesting that, at least under the experimental conditions in the current study, pit splitting occurred at these two different timings. Split-pit fruit detection rate at harvest increased towards the end of the second split-pit occurrence and split pit could be predicted with high accuracy thereafter. These results collectively suggested that the timing of split-pit occurrence in unpicked peach fruit could be predicted accurately by measuring f3/f2 values and unwanted fruit with split pit could be distinguished from normal fruit on trees. We discuss the possible applications of the nondestructive acoustic vibration method in combination with fruit thinning and the future use of this method in research aiming to develop effective prevention methods or resistant cultivars with reduced split pit.

Nondestructive Detection of Split-pit Peach Fruit on Trees with an Acoustic Vibration Method

Attempts had been made to provide evidences insight into the pattern and physiological mechanism of sweet cherry fruit dropping. However, the fruit abscission pattern and mechanism underlying the heavy fruit dropping in insufficient chilling regions, especially the roles of interior factors including carbohydrates and hormones in abnormal fruit dropping, has not yet been better understood so far. Currently, four five-year-old sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars, i.e., ‘Santina’, ‘Brooks’, ‘Sparkerry’ and ‘Black Pearl’, which were grown in Weining County (104.28° E, 26.86° N), Guizhou province of China, were used as materials to elucidate the physiological fruit abscission pattern of sweet cherry and the chief interior causes for the heavy fruit dropping in insufficient chilling region of China. It was explicated that the abscission pattern of sweet cherry fruit somewhat varied among the cultivars in a low chilling region. Higher rate of pollen germination and longer polar axis length was proved to be remarkably beneficial to fruit development. A comparative anatomic dissection of fruit stalk between the retention and dropped fruit elaborated that there is obvious difference in the microstructure with the progress of fruit development. The discrepancy was mostly showed by the cell space of abscission zone tissues for the dropped fruit enlarged gradually and was remarkably larger than that of the retention ones. Furthermore, the imbalance of endogenous hormones in fruit is a crucial trigger for fruit dropping with the progress of fruit development, particularly the active ZR, GA, as well as IAA levels in fruit are positively correlated to fruit setting, conversely, ABA played a negative role in fruit retention. Moreover, carbohydrate contents in retention fruit were considerably higher than that of the dropped ones during the fruit development, however, the contents of glucose and fructose in dropped fruit did not reach the required threshold which was possibly a vital cause leading to fruit abscission.

The Fruit Dropping Characters of Sweet Cherry and Its Interior Causes in Insufficient Chilling Zone

Characterization of post-mating interspecific cross-compatibility in Prunus (Rosaceae)

モモの成熟果の果肉が桃赤色を呈する“赤肉症”について, その特徴ならびに赤肉果発生の品種, 樹体, 園地および年次間差を調査した. “赤肉症”は, 成熟果の果肉にフェノール物質であるアントシアニンが蓄積する現象であった. 赤肉の程度と果肉硬度との間に負の相関が認められたが, 果実重および果汁糖度との関係は明確でなかった. 赤肉果の発生率は, 品種間や園地間での差は小さかったが, 樹体間では大きく異なり, 同一園でもほとんど発生しない樹体がある一方, 100%近い発生率を示す樹体もあった. 赤肉果多発樹とそうでない樹体から収穫した果実について収穫後の赤肉の進行程度を比較したところ, 前者では貯蔵日数が増すにつれて赤肉の程度が激しくなった. 赤肉果発生率の年次変動は小さく, 多発樹とそうでない樹に区別できたが, ひとたび赤肉果が発生するとその後は毎年のように赤肉果が多発した. 秋季に根の乾物重を調べたところ, 赤肉果多発樹ではそうでない樹体に比べて小根, 特に2mm以下の細根の量が少なかった. これらの結果からモモの赤肉果発生の要因について考察した.

/pdf/momoguo-shi-nosheng-li-zhang-hai-chi-rou-zheng-note-zheng-1h38sfz60t.pdf

モモ果実の生理障害“赤肉症”の特徴

The relationships between fruit enlargement and development of seed components, particularly embryo were investigated in 2000 and 2001 with respect to physiological fruit drop by using ‘Shimizu Hakuto’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch) trees subjected to different fruit thinning levels. As the standard fruit thinning (SFT), the first thinning was conducted in early May to 2,3-fold levels as final crop load (about 70 leaves per fruit at harvest), followed by the second thinning in early June to the final level. For heavy fruit thinning (HFT), fruit density was adjusted in early May to the final crop load and for light fruit thinning (LFT), in early June to 1.5-fold of the final crop load. The percentage of physiological fruit drop was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in trees under HFT than in LFT and SFT in both years. The percentage of split-pit fruit was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HFT than LFT in 2000 but there was no significant difference between HFT and SFT in 2001. At the end of Growth Stage 2, fruit weight was proportional to seed size, but it was inversely related to embryo size in 2000 under both HFT and LFT. The mean embryo length of HFT fruit was two-thirds of that of LFT, although the different thinning levels had no significant effect on endosperm length. There was no difference in embryo length between those of split-pit and non-split-pit fruit at early Growth Stage 2. However, at the late Growth Stage 2 in HFT trees, the embryos diverted into two types: normal and very small (< 3 mm); this diversion was not observed in SFT. In HFT trees, there was an inverse relationship between fruit weight and dry matter accumulation of seed components. The larger the fruit, the smaller was the dry matter accumulation in the nucellus and endosperm. Thus, the increased rate of physiological fruit drop in HFT trees might be attributed to the reduction of photosynthates partitioned to the seed because of rapid fruit enlargement which leads to inferior embryo development.

/pdf/sheng-li-de-luo-guo-tonoguan-lian-karamitamomo-qing-shui-bai-1xr17kg3tr.pdf

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ'清水白桃'における果実肥大と種子,特に胚の発育との関係

4年間にわたり，弱剪定・強摘蕾（弱剪定栽培）と強剪定・無摘蕾（慣行栽培）の異なる2つの栽培管理方法がモモ‘紅清水’の赤肉果発生と果実発育に及ぼす影響を調査した．栽培年次に関係なく，慣行栽培樹ではいずれの樹もほとんど赤肉果が発生しなかったのに対し，弱剪定栽培樹では赤肉果が多発した．弱剪定栽培樹の収量は慣行栽培樹よりも多かった．果実発育初期の果肉の窒素含量は，慣行栽培樹よりも弱剪定栽培樹で少なかった．弱剪定栽培樹と慣行栽培樹の枝と根における開花前後の炭水化物含量を比較したところ，前者では後者よりも発芽後の減少程度が大きかった．弱剪定栽培樹では慣行栽培樹よりも果実発育期間を通して果肉細胞径が大きく，また果実発育第3期の果実肥大が大きく，このため収穫時の果実重も前者で優れた．収穫果の糖度は，弱剪定栽培樹が慣行栽培樹よりも有意に高かった．新梢伸長は，弱剪定栽培樹では果実発育第2期初めにほぼ停止したのに対し，慣行栽培樹では果実発育第3期まで続いた．弱剪定栽培樹では果肉のアントシアニン含量が成熟直前から急増した．果肉の全フェノール含量は果実発育期間を通して弱剪定栽培樹が慣行栽培樹よりも多く，PAL活性も前者で高かった．これらの結果をもとに，モモの赤肉果発生と果実発育との関係を考察した．

/pdf/zai-pei-guan-li-fa-nowei-igamomo-hong-qing-shui-nochi-rou-4hia9uobol.pdf

栽培管理法の違いがモモ‘紅清水’の赤肉果発生と果実発育に及ぼす影響

モモの成熟果の果肉が水浸状になって褐変する“あん入り症”について, その特徴ならびに障害発生の品種および年次間差などを調査した. 障害発生率は‘川中島白桃’, ‘紅清水’および‘華清水’で高かった. ‘華清水’では発生率が年によって変動した. 障害発生は, いずれの品種も縫合線の反対側に多く, 側面部がこれに次ぎ, 縫合線側で少なかった. 障害果は正常果よりも果実重が優れ, 全糖, スクロース, ソルビトール, 水溶性ペクチンおよび全フェノールの含量が多い一方, 果肉硬度, 全アミノ酸含量および塩酸可溶性ペクチン含量が少なかった. 糖含量は果実の部位によって異なり, 側面部で最も多く, 縫合線の反対側がこれに次ぎ, 縫合線側で少なかった. 障害果は果実が収穫熟度に達して初めて認められた. 以上の結果から, モモの“あん入り症”は他産地で報告されている“みつ症”や“果肉褐変症”と同一の障害であると考えられ, 共通の用語として“水浸状果肉褐変症”を提案した.

/pdf/momoguo-shi-niokeru-shui-jin-zhuang-guo-rou-he-bian-zheng-30c5473if2.pdf

モモ果実における“水浸状果肉褐変症”の特徴

We investigated the morphology of seed, particularly of the endosperm of intact and abscising ‘Shimizu Hakuto’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch) subjected to different fruit thinning levels for four years. The objective was to study the anatomical basis for physiological fruit drop which occurs from end of Stage 2 to beginning of Stage 3 of fruit growth. The percentage of physiological fruit drop was significantly higher (P = 0.05) in trees subjected to heavy fruit thinning (HFT) than in those subjected to light fruit thinning (LFT) or standard fruit thinning (SFT). The mean endosperm length in fruit which dropped at the peak of physiological fruit drop from trees under HFT was equal to that of intact fruit collected at 65 days after full bloom (DAFB); the mean embryo length in dropped fruit was shorter than that in the intact fruit collected at the same time. Endosperm and embryo cells in dropped fruit showed typical necrotic symptoms, such as cells with shrunken cytoplasm and collapsing cell nucleus. Collapsing cell nucleus in the endosperm of the intact fruit collected from trees under HFT began at 66 DAFB that corresponded with the time when the endosperm stopped growing. Morphology of chalazal haustorium was observed in the on-tree fruit collected from the beginning to the middle of Growth Stage 2 in trees under HFT and SFT. Although most chalazal haustoria had reached the chalaza at the beginning of Growth Stage 2 in both fruit thinning levels, those in most of HFT fruit exhibited abnormal shrinking at 54 DAFB. These results indicate that a series of events take place in the seeds predestined to drop. That is, after certain factor(s) that cause shrinking of the chalazal haustorium and retardation of embryo growth to occur, assimilated reserves in the endosperm cannot be translocated to the embryo because of shrinkage of the chalazal haustorium. Finally, necrosis of embryo is induced.

/pdf/sheng-li-de-luo-guo-tonoguan-lian-karamitamomo-qing-shui-bai-4l0aq0la8y.pdf

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ‘清水白桃'の胚乳細胞と吸器の形態的変化

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久保田尚浩

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モモ果実の生理障害“赤肉症”の特徴

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ'清水白桃'における果実肥大と種子,特に胚の発育との関係

栽培管理法の違いがモモ‘紅清水’の赤肉果発生と果実発育に及ぼす影響

モモ果実における“水浸状果肉褐変症”の特徴

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ‘清水白桃'の胚乳細胞と吸器の形態的変化

久保田 尚浩

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

モモ果実の生理障害“赤肉症”の特徴

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ'清水白桃'における果実肥大と種子,特に胚の発育との関係

栽培管理法の違いがモモ‘紅清水’の赤肉果発生と果実発育に及ぼす影響

モモ果実における“水浸状果肉褐変症”の特徴

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ‘清水白桃'の胚乳細胞と吸器の形態的変化

久保田尚浩