Exposure to particulate matter in India: A synthesis of findings and future directions.

Mosquito repellents: An insight into the chronological perspectives and novel discoveries.

Fine and ultrafine atmospheric particulate matter at a multi-influenced urban site: Physicochemical characterization, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity.

Effect through inhalation on human health of PM1 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from foggy days in northern part of India.

. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) affects the earth's radiation balance and global climate. High-elevation areas are sensitive to global climate change. However, at present, SOA origins and seasonal variations are understudied in remote high-elevation areas. In this study, particulate samples were collected from July 2012 to July 2013 at the remote Nam Co (NC) site, Central Tibetan Plateau and analyzed for SOA tracers from biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene) and anthropogenic (aromatics) precursors. Among these compounds, isoprene SOA (SOAI) tracers represented the majority (26.6 ± 44.2 ng m−3), followed by monoterpene SOA (SOAM) tracers (0.97 ± 0.57 ng m−3), aromatic SOA (SOAA) tracer (2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, DHOPA, 0.25 ± 0.18 ng m−3) and β-caryophyllene SOA tracer (β-caryophyllenic acid, 0.09 ± 0.10 ng m−3). SOAI tracers exhibited high concentrations in the summer and low levels in the winter. The similar temperature dependence of SOAI tracers and isoprene emission suggested that the seasonal variation of SOAI tracers at the NC site was mainly influenced by the isoprene emission. The ratio of high-NOx to low-NOx products of SOAI (2-methylglyceric acid to 2-methyltetrols) was highest in the winter and lowest in the summer, due to the influence of temperature and relative humidity. The seasonal variation of SOAM tracers was impacted by monoterpenes emission and gas-particle partitioning. During the summer to the fall, temperature effect on partitioning was the dominant process influencing SOAM tracers' variation; while the temperature effect on emission was the dominant process influencing SOAM tracers' variation during the winter to the spring. SOAM tracer levels did not elevate with increased temperature in the summer, probably resulting from the counteraction of temperature effects on emission and partitioning. The concentrations of DHOPA were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in the urban regions of the world. Due to the transport of air pollutants from the adjacent Bangladesh and northeastern India, DHOPA presented relatively higher levels in the summer. In the winter when air masses mainly came from northwestern India, mass fractions of DHOPA in total tracers increased, although its concentrations declined. The SOA-tracer method was applied to estimate secondary organic carbon (SOC) from these four precursors. The annual average of SOC was 0.22 ± 0.29 μgC m−3, with the biogenic SOC (sum of isoprene, monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene) accounting for 75 %. In the summer, isoprene was the major precursor with its SOC contributions of 81 %. In the winter when the emission of biogenic precursors largely dropped, the contributions of aromatic SOC increased. Our study implies that anthropogenic pollutants emitted in the Indian subcontinent could be transported to the TP and have an impact on SOC over the remote NC.

/pdf/seasonal-variation-of-secondary-organic-aerosol-tracers-in-371v1wcz2i.pdf

Seasonal variation of secondary organic aerosol tracers in Central Tibetan Plateau

Chemical characteristics and mutagenic activity of PM2.5 at a site in the Indo-Gangetic plain, India

Smoke samples from combustion of different biomass fuels were analyzed for the particulate bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic nature. Out of 16 priority PAHs, 11 PAHs were detected in the emission of fuels, while the remaining 5 PAHs (chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene) were below the detection limit. The highest emission factor for the sum of all the PAHs was found for coal (353.08 mg kg-1), charcoal (27.28 mg kg-1), and the various wood types. Emission rates of total PAHs ranged from 0.37 to 5.15 mg h-1 with the highest value for bituminous coal (5.15 mg h-1) and lowest for Polyalthia longifolia (0.37 mg h-1). A cancer risk assessment was done for infants, children, and adults using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact pathway. The ILCR values ranged from 10-11 to 10-6, and a higher cancer risk was observed for children and adults in comparison to infants. PAH concentrations emitted from biomass emissions shows a direct correlation with mutagenesis to humans, indicating a higher potential for the frameshift mutation as compared to base-pair mutation for dung, bituminous coal, charcoal, Dalbergia sissoo, Psidium guajava, Ziziphus mauritana, Polyalthia longifolia, and Ailanthus trithesa.

Mutagenic and Cancer Risk Estimation of Particulate Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Emission of Different Biomass Fuels.

Emission rates and emission factors of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the emissions of three prevalent mosquito coil brands available in the market in India, under controlled conditions in an environmental chamber. The emission rates varied between the brands and ranged between 2.0 ± 1.9 to 27.1 ± 1.5 μg h−1 for brand A, 3.4 ± 1.1 to 32.3 ± 1.2 μg h−1 for brand B and 3.1 ± 1.0 to 72.2 ± 1.1 μg h−1 for brand C for different compounds. Five and six ring PAHs were not detected, however four and three ring PAHs dominated. Three ring PAHs contributed 24 %, 42 % and 29 %, while four ring compounds contributed 53 %, 35 % and 61 % to total PAHs in the three brands. Carcinogenic PAH compounds were also present in the emissions, indicating the potential risks associated with the inhalation of coil smoke.

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emissions of different mosquito coils.

A field experiment was conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Research Farm, JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.) to assess the growth and biomass productivity of maize cultivar under maize based cropping systems. The growth parameters viz . plant height and dry weight/plant were recorded significantly higher under maize (composite) - chickpea followed by maize (composite) - field pea and maize (composite) - berseem treatment while, leaves/plant was noted significantly more under maize (hybrid) in maize (hybrid)-chickpea and maize (hybrid) - field pea during two years. The maize (hybrid) fb chickpea treatment recorded significantly higher grain yield followed by Maize (hybrid) – field pea and maize (hybrid) - berseem during two years. The significantly higher biomass productivity was recorded under maize (hybrid) fb chickpea followed by maize (hybrid)-field pea and maize (hybrid) - berseem during both the years.

Growth and biomass productivity of maize as influenced by maize cultivars and maize based cropping system

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Chemical characteristics and mutagenic activity of PM2.5 at a site in the Indo-Gangetic plain, India

Mutagenic and Cancer Risk Estimation of Particulate Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Emission of Different Biomass Fuels.

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emissions of different mosquito coils.

Growth and biomass productivity of maize as influenced by maize cultivars and maize based cropping system