Progress in corneal wound healing

The morphological and molecular nature of synaptic vesicle priming at presynaptic active zones.

The authors are the editors and their invited guests have created an extremely detailed account of modern epileptology. They have assembled a comprehensive and prestigious authorship, which represents the international community for the study of epilepsy. This book is an invaluable resource for those interested in the details of epilepsy. It will be an excellent resource for all neurologists and neurosurgeons involved in research or clinical treatment for the disease. The book begins with a series of chapters, which basically cover the entire field of slice preparations. There is a particularly interesting chapter on in vitro epilepsy studies utilizing the human brain. Animal models of seizures are described in detail. Many of these are well known, but are up-to-date descriptions of techniques that are in many cases a half a century old. The new section on genetics is quite interesting and something that will be new to most who are not directly related to this field. The next sections of the book describe a broad spectrum of models for the study of epilepsy. The topics include such things as the time honored cortical freezing lesion. This model is also a standard for the study of brain edema. The pharmacological methods of creating focal epilepsy are described in detail and there is an excellent chapter on kindling by McIntyre. The chapters on head trauma and stroke are also particularly interesting to clinical neurosurgeons. The hemorrhage iron deposition thesis is presented in Chapter 39 and this will be of interest to all practicing neurosurgeons. The remainder of the book describes drug development and ways to characterize epilepsy models. The book is summarized by a discussion of the value of animal models and modeling in general in order to determine the mechanisms and treatment of human epilepsy. The book begins with a foreword by Dom Purpura, which is an excellent exposition of the value of animal studies. At a time when animal research is being attacked so vigorously, this statement is well worth reading for all of us who have to depend on animal-based research. This excellent book is principally a handbook for the researchers in the field. It is an excellent resource for any new researcher. It is basically going to appeal the people in the field, but that does not detract from its value. Many neurosurgeons will enjoy looking through it and reading selected portions. This is a worthy successor to the 1972 text of Penry and Purpura.

Models of Seizures and Epilepsy

Astrocytic modulation of neuronal excitability through K+ spatial buffering.

Astrocytes are endowed with the machinery to sense and respond to neuronal activity. Recent work has demonstrated that astrocytes play important physiological roles in the CNS, e.g., they synchronize action potential firing, ensure ion homeostasis, transmitter clearance and glucose metabolism, and regulate the vascular tone. Astrocytes are abundantly coupled through gap junctions, which is a prerequisite to redistribute elevated K(+) from sites of excessive neuronal activity to sites of lower extracellular K(+) concentration. Recent studies identified dysfunctional astrocytes as crucial players in epilepsy. Investigation of specimens from patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy and epilepsy models revealed alterations in expression, localization, and function of astroglial inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels, particularly Kir4.1, which is suspected to entail impaired K(+) buffering. Gap junctions in astrocytes appear to play a dual role: on the one hand they counteract the generation of hyperactivity by facilitating clearance of elevated extracellular K(+) levels while in contrast, they constitute a pathway for energetic substrate delivery to fuel neuronal (hyper)activity. Recent work suggests that astrocyte dysfunction is causative of the generation or spread of seizure activity. Thus, astrocytes should be considered as promising targets for alternative antiepileptic therapies.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/glia.22313

Astrocyte dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: K+ channels and gap junction coupling.

A strong cohort of evidence exists that supports the localisation of corneal stem cells at the limbus. The distinguishing characteristics of limbal cells as stem cells include slow cycling properties, high proliferative potential when required, clonogenicity, absence of differentiation marker expression coupled with positive expression of progenitor markers, multipotency, centripetal migration, requirement for a distinct niche environment and the ability of transplanted limbal cells to regenerate the entire corneal epithelium. The existence of limbal stem cells supports the prevailing theory of corneal homeostasis, known as the XYZ hypothesis where X represents proliferation and stratification of limbal basal cells, Y centripetal migration of basal cells and Z desquamation of superficial cells. To maintain the mass of cornea, the sum of X and Y must equal Z and very elegant cell tracking experiments provide strong evidence in support of this theory. However, several recent studies have suggested the existence of oligopotent stem cells capable of corneal maintenance outside of the limbus. This review presents a summary of data which led to the current concepts of corneal epithelial homeostasis and discusses areas of controversy surrounding the existence of a secondary stem cell reservoir on the corneal surface

Limbal stem cells: Central concepts of corneal epithelial homeostasis

Visual loss and recovery in chiasmal compression.

Background
The aim is to investigate ethnic variation, in presentation and biometric parameters, within the population undergoing cataract surgery in Auckland.

Design
The design is a retrospective study.

Participants
Four thousand nine hundred thirty-one eyes of 3524 consecutive patients undergoing cataract surgery in Auckland Public Hospital over 18 months were included in the study.

Methods
Analysis of preoperative medical records was performed.

Main Outcome Measures
Age, gender, self-reported ethnicity, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, axial length and intraocular lens (IOL) power data were collected.

Results
Māori (4.7%) were under-represented compared with the proportion of Māori attending the eye clinic (5.5%) and in the major patient catchment area (8.2%). People of Māori, Pacific and Indian ethnicities presented at a significantly younger age (66.4, 65.9 and 67.9 years, respectively) than those of Caucasian and Asian ethnicities (76.4 and 71.3 years, respectively, P < 0.001). Advanced cataract was more likely in Pacific peoples and Māori than Caucasians. The mean axial length was longest in Asian eyes (23.83 ± 1.52 mm). The mean anterior chamber depth in the eyes of Pacific peoples (3.20 ± 0.39 mm) was significantly greater than that of Caucasians (3.09 ± 0.42 mm, P = 0.001) and Asians (3.05 ± 0.49 mm, P < 0.001). The mean IOL power in Asian eyes was 19.45D. This was significantly lower than the IOL power required by Caucasian (20.72D, P < 0.001) and Pacific ethnicities (20.61D, P = 0.001). With-the-rule astigmatism was highly prevalent in Māori and Pacific peoples, whereas in all other ethnicities, against-the-rule astigmatism was more common.

Conclusions
This study identified significant ethnic variation in presentation for cataract surgery and ocular biometric parameters. These data may help identify potential biometric refinements and those at risk of developing ocular morbidities known to be associated with these parameters.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ceo.12634

Demographics and ocular biometric characteristics of patients undergoing cataract surgery in Auckland, New Zealand

Caffeine and the eye.

A novel method of organotypic brain slice culture using connexin-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to improve neuronal survival.

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