A new rhodamine-derived Schiff base RH was synthesized and its sensing behavior toward various metal ions was investigated by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques The sensor exhibited highly selective and sensitive colorimetric response to Cu2+ and Al3+, and “off–on” fluorescence response toward Fe3+ in semi-aqueous media The spectral changes obtained are large enough in the visible region of the spectrum and thus enable naked-eye detection Experimentally proved that the formation of RH–Al3+ complex is fully reversible and can sense to AcO−/F− via break the complex The results revealed that the sensor offers the sequential detection of Al3+ and AcO−/F−

A new multifunctional rhodamine-derived probe for colorimetric sensing of Cu(II) and Al(III) and fluorometric sensing of Fe(III) in aqueous media

A novel on/off fluorescent rhodamine-based hexapodal Fe3+ probe (L) containing a cyclotriphosphazene core was synthesized by an azide–alkyne “click-reaction”. The synthesized compounds (1–5 and L) were characterized by FT-IR; 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR; and MALDI MS spectrometry. The optical sensor features for the Fe3+ complex of L were investigated by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The stoichiometry of L–Fe3+ complex was found to be 1:3 (ligand/metal ion), and the detection limit of L was determined as 4.8 μM (0.27 mg L–1) for Fe3+ ions. The reusability of the sensor was tested by the addition of ethylenediamine to L–Fe3+ complex solutions followed by the addition of Fe3+ solution.

Phosphazene Based Multicentered Naked-Eye Fluorescent Sensor with High Selectivity for Fe3+ Ions

The adverse effect of Al3+ ions on human health as well as the environment makes it desirable to develop sensitive and specific techniques for the detection of Al3+ ions. Detection methodology based on the fluorescence technique in combination with fluorescent chemosensors has shown its credibility attributed to its highly sensitive nature as well as to its applicability to the biological samples. Following a brief introduction to the principle of fluorescent sensors, various sensing methods which have been employed for the detection of Al3+ ions are explored. In addition, the outputs of various research groups from the last two years have been discussed. The objective of the present review is to highlight the recent progress in the field of fluorescent chemosensors related to Al3+ detection. The discussion comprises structural designing and mechanistic approaches used to develop selective fluorescent sensors for Al3+ ions. More emphasis has been given to describing the coordination modes and photophysical processes responsible for an effective detection process.

A review of mechanisms for fluorescent ‘‘turn-on’’ probes to detect Al3+ ions

Strategies in detection of metal ions using dyes

A 1,8-naphthalimide-thiourea conjugate was developed for highly selective and sensitive colorimetric detection of Fe 3+ and Pb 2+ in MeCN/H 2 O (99/1, v/v) and fluorescent recognition of Hg 2+ in MeCN/H 2 O (85/15, v/v). The linear concentration ranges for Fe 3+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ were 0–150, 0–80, and 0–90 μM with the detection limits of 6.86 μM, 5.09 μM, and 82.1 nM, respectively. The sensor responded to Fe 3+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ rapidly and a large number of coexisting ions such as Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 3+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Cd 2+ , and F − showed almost no obvious interference with the detection. Sensing mechanism of the sensor to Fe 3+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ was investigated through job's plot experiment, reversible experiment, LC–MS and 1 H NMR analysis. Moreover, the off-on sensor was successfully employed to monitor Hg 2+ in pond and tap water as well as in living cells.

A single thiourea-appended 1,8-naphthalimide chemosensor for three heavy metal ions: Fe3+, Pb2+, and Hg2+

National Science Foundation of China [20972143, 20972130]; Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University [NCET-11-0950]

A N-stablization rhodamine-based fluorescent chemosensor for Fe3+ in aqueous solution and its application in bioimaging

Three probes for Al3+ detection by both fluorescence and the naked eye in acetonitrile solution were developed. The mechanism of fluorescence was based on the aluminum complexation with rhodamine and subsequent Al3+-promoted hydrolysis of the Schiff base. Theoretical calculations indicated that the aluminum complexes tend to hydrolyze to compound L6. A simple paper test strip system for the rapid monitoring of Al3+ was developed, indicating its convenient use in environmental samples.

Three N-stabilized rhodamine-based fluorescent probes for Al3+via Al3+-promoted hydrolysis of Schiff bases

A rhodamine-phosphonate off–on fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ in natural water and its application in live cell imaging

Two new rhodamine-based fluorescent probes were synthesized and characterized by NMR, high resolution mass spectrometer (HR-MS) and IR. The probes displayed a high selectivity for Fe3+ among environmentally and biologically relevant metal ions in aqueous solution (CH3OH–H2O = 3 : 2, v/v). The significant changes in the fluorescence color could be used for naked-eye detection. Job's plot, IR and 1H NMR indicated the formation of 1: 1 complexes between sensor 1 and Fe3+. The reversibility establishes the potential of both probes as chemosensors for Fe3+ detection. The probe showed highly selectivity in aqueous solution and could be used over the pH range between 5 and 9. A simple paper test-strip system for the rapid monitoring of Fe3+ was developed, indicating its convenient use in environmental samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two new rhodamine-based fluorescent chemosensors for Fe3+ in aqueous solution.

Rational design of a ratiometric fluorescent probe for imaging lysosomal nitroreductase activity.

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