The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk), is one of the most serious pests of cereals in Asia and Australasia. The structure and distribution of the antennal sensilla of M. separata were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that antennae of both female and male M. separata are filiform in shape. Three groups and seven morphological sensillum types were recorded in both sexes, including uniporous sensilla (sensilla chaetica), multiporous sensilla (sensilla trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica, and styloconica), and aporous sensilla (sensilla squamiformia and Bohm bristles). S. trichodea, which were the most abundant sensilla, was made of three subtypes (ST I, ST II, and ST III) according to external features and two subtypes of s. basiconica (SB I and SB II) and s. coeloconica (SCo I and SCo II) were identified, respectively. Sexual dimorphisms in sensilla of M. separata were mainly perceived as the variations in the numbers of several sensilla subtypes. Also, the possible functions of the antennal sensilla were discussed. These results contribute to our understanding of the function of antennae in the behavior of M. separata.

Insight Into the Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Background The time-length between the first colonization of necrophagous insect on the corpse and the beginning of investigation represents the most important forensic concept of minimum post-mortem inference (PMImin). Before colonization, the time spent by an insect to detect and locate a corpse could significantly influence the PMImin estimation. The olfactory system plays an important role in insect food foraging behavior. Proteins like odorant binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs) and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) represent the most important parts of this system. Exploration of the above genes and their necrophagous products should facilitate not only the understanding of their roles in forging but also their influence on the period before PMImin. Transcriptome sequencing has been wildly utilized to reveal the expression of particular genes under different temporal and spatial condition in a high throughput way. In this study, transcriptomic study was implemented on antennae of adult Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a necrophagous insect with forensic significance, to reveal the composition and expression feature of OBPs, CSPs, ORs, IRs and SNMPs genes at transcriptome level. Method Antennae transcriptome sequencing of A. grahami was performed using next-generation deep sequencing on the platform of BGISEQ-500. The raw data were deposited into NCBI (PRJNA513084). All the transcripts were functionally annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed between female and male antennae. The transcripts of OBPs, CSPs, ORs, IRs and SNMPs were identified based on sequence feature. Phylogenetic development of olfactory genes of A. grahami with other species was analyzed using MEGA 5.0. RT-qPCR was utilized to verify gene expression generated from the transcriptome sequencing. Results In total, 14,193 genes were annotated in the antennae transcriptome based on the GO and the KEGG databases. We found that 740 DEGs were differently expressed between female and male antennae. Among those, 195 transcripts were annotated as candidate olfactory genes then checked by sequence feature. Of these, 27 OBPs, one CSPs, 49 ORs, six IRs and two SNMPs were finally identified in antennae of A. grahami. Phylogenetic development suggested that some olfactory genes may play a role in food forging, perception of pheromone and decomposing odors. Conclusion Overall, our results suggest the existence of gender and spatial expression differences in olfactory genes from antennae of A. grahami. Such differences are likely to greatly influence insect behavior around a corpse. In addition, candidate olfactory genes with predicted function provide valuable information for further studies of the molecular mechanisms of olfactory detection of forensically important fly species and thus deepen our understanding of the period before PMImin.

/pdf/identification-of-olfactory-genes-of-a-forensically-1kj8nofkow.pdf

Identification of olfactory genes of a forensically important blow fly, Aldrichina grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Simple Summary To elucidate the external morphology and internal structures of antennal sensilla that could play a role in locating host plants and mates, we describe and further characterize the ultrastructure, abundance and distribution of nine sensilla types in both sexes using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Sexual dimorphism mainly occurs in variation in the length of sensilla basiconica, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica 1 and Böhm sensilla, and the abundance of sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica 1 and sensilla auricillica 2. The possible structural function of each kind of sensillum is discussed. These results provide direct morphological evidence that the antennae of Tirathaba rufivena possess structures that can play a role in locating mates and host plants. Abstract Tirathaba rufivena Walker, a major insect pest of Areca catechu L., has severely threatened areca nut cultivation in Hainan, China. To improve our understanding of the communication mechanism in host plant seeking and mate-finding for T. rufivena, we described and further characterized the external morphology and internal sensilla structures using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in this study. The antennal morphology was similar between males and females, and there was no significant difference in length between the two sexes. In total, nine sensilla types were identified: sensilla trichodea (Str), sensilla chaetica (Sch), sensilla basiconica (Sba), sensilla auricillica (Sau), sensilla coeloconica (Sco), sensilla styloconica (Sst), Böhm sensilla (Bs), uniporous peg sensilla (Ups) and sensilla squamiformia (Ssq). Sexual dimorphism mainly occurs in variation in the length of Sba, Sch, Sco1 and Bs, and the abundance of Sba, Sau1 and Sau2. The Sba had larger size and numbers on female antennae than that on males, suggesting that these sensilla might have important roles in locating host plants. Both Sau1 and Sau2 were significantly more abundant in females and were probably associated with the detection of mates and host plant for oviposition. These data were important for ongoing studies on host plant seeking and mate-finding behavior in T. rufivena and provided a theoretical foundation to further studies of semiochemical control for this pest.

/pdf/ultrastructure-characteristics-and-sexual-dimorphism-of-2gmv00id.pdf

Ultrastructure Characteristics and Sexual Dimorphism of Antennal Sensilla in Tirathaba rufivena (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Antennal sensilla morphology of Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a larval parasitoid of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Insects have several types of sensilla, the characterization of which has been fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of sensory perception in different species. This study aimed to describe the ultrastructure of the sensilla present on the antennae of Alabama argillacea (Hubner, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), an important pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops, as well as their possible variation between sexes. To do this, the antennae of males and females of A. argillacea were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Sensilla morphometry was assessed using photomicrographs, from which the lengths and basal and apical diameters of sensilla were measured using the ImageJ program. Seven types of sensilla were identified on the antennae of A. argillacea: sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla Bohm bristles. Differences between the sensilla of males and females were found in their lengths and basal diameters in the distal and proximal regions. This suggests that sensilla functionality may not only vary from one species to another, but also between sexes within the same species. Thus, further transmission electron microscopy and single sensillum recording studies may provide more detailed information on the sensilla of A. argillacea and their functions.

https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbent/v63n2/0085-5626-rbent-63-02-0141.pdf

Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of Alabama argillacea (Hübner, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)

Parasitoid wasps of the genus Sclerodermus (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) are an important natural enemy of the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sp. Antennae of females and males comprised the scape, pedicel, and 11 flagellomere segments. Based on the morphology of the sensilla in each sex, seven types of sensillum were identified: sensilla trichodea (Tr.1, Tr.2 and Tr.3), sensilla basiconica (Ba.1, Ba.2, and Ba.3), sensilla styloconica (St.1 and St.2), sensilla placodea, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla squamiforma, and Bohm's bristles. Tr.2, Ba.1, and St.1 were only found in females, whereas Ba.2, Ba.3, and St.2 were only observed in males. Sensilla placodea were the most common, given that they occur on the antennae of many parasitoid Hymenoptera, whereas sensilla Tr were the most abundant, being distributed over the entire antennal surface. These sensilla are likely to have roles in the host locating and habitat searching behavior of adult Sclerodermus wasps. Therefore, our findings provide a basis for further studies of the host location behavior of this and other species of parasitic wasp.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-insect-science/volume-15/issue-1/iev024/Antennal-Sensilla-in-the-Parasitoid-Sclerodermus-sp-Hymenoptera-Bethylidae/10.1093/jisesa/iev024.pdf

Antennal Sensilla in the Parasitoid Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

The morphology of newly hatched larvae of the important parasitoid beetle Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. This study examined the morphological structures of the cephalic, the thoracic, and abdominal regions of newly hatched larvae, and the distribution of sensilla on these structures. Sensilla chaetica and sensilla styloconica were identified on the maxillae, labium and antenna, sensilla chaetica were identified on the labrum and mandible, sensilla basiconica, Bohm’s bristles and sensilla chaetica were found in the thoracic region, and sensilla basiconica were found encircling the body on all abdominal segments. In addition, our comparative morphological observations found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in newly hatched larvae in terms of shape, structure, sensilla distribution or typology.

Morphology and ultrastructure of the surface of newly hatched larvae of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae)

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Antennal Sensilla in the Parasitoid Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Morphology and ultrastructure of the surface of newly hatched larvae of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae)