La quema del tamo de arroz a campo abierto es una de las mayores fuentes de contaminacion agricola, es por esto que el retorno de los residuos vegetales al suelo ha sido propuesto como una alternativa de manejo eficiente de los residuos pos-cosecha. Sin embargo, es poco conocido el impacto que tiene sobre los microorganismos edaficos involucrados en la disponibilidad y ciclaje de nutrientes. Por lo anterior, se planteo un experimento en campo para evaluar los cambios generados sobre la comunidad microbiana vinculada al ciclo del nitrogeno por la aplicacion de 4 tratamientos diferentes de manejo del tamo de arroz: (Cob+mo) cobertura del terreno con tamo de arroz inoculado con un consorcio microbiano de degradacion, (Inc+mo) tamo de arroz inoculado con el consorcio microbiano e incorporado, (Quema) quema del tamo y (Cob) cobertura del terreno con tamo de arroz sin inocular. Se realizaron 4 muestreos de suelo de soporte y suelo rizosferico antes y durante el ciclo de cultivo. Se evaluo la diversidad, estructura y composicion de la comunidad bacteriana a traves del analisis del gen 16S rRNA y se determino la actividad de las enzimas nitrogenasa, proteasa y ureasa vinculadas con el ingreso de nitrogeno al sistema edafico. Al final del ciclo de cultivo, los mapas de calor basados en la composicion y abundancia de especies, mostraron que las comunidades microbianas de los tratamientos alternos a la quema son mas similares entre si, indicando que la adicion de materia organica influencia la comunidad edafica microbiana. La actividad de las enzimas proteasa y ureasa se vio afectada por la aplicacion del consorcio de degradacion y la forma de retorno del tamo de arroz al suelo respectivamente. 
 
 
Palabras clave: (Incorporacion, cobertura, tamo de arroz, actividad enzimatica, 16S rRNA).

Evaluación de la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la comunidad microbiana relacionada con el ciclo del nitrógeno en suelos de cultivo de arroz con diferentes manejos del tamo

Although numerous studies suggest that organic amendments are better at maintaining soil fertility and crop production than mineral-only fertilization, it is unclear if this occurs in different agricultural systems on a global scale. Here we report a comprehensive meta-analysis of 690 independent experiments comparing the performance of organic amendments and mineral-only fertilization on crop yields, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, soil nutrient dynamics and biological properties. Our analysis shows that organic amendments increased crop yields on average of 27% than mineral-only fertilization. Farmyard manure (FYM) had the highest effect (49% increase) and this was especially clear in wheat croplands (40% increase). Organic amendment increased the amount of SOC (38%), TN (20%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC; 51%) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN; 24%) than mineral-only fertilization. Organic amendments also increased the soil microbiome enzyme activity in terms of soil hydrolytic C acquisition (C-acq; 39%), N acquisition (N-acq; 22%), P acquisition (P-acq; 48%) and oxidative decomposition (OX; 58%). Increased nutrient acquisition and oxidative decomposition could explain the positive effects of organic amendment on crop yields. These observed patterns were consistent for most organic amendments and cropping systems in diverse regions of the world. In summary, our analysis suggests that organic amendments can improve microbe-mediated soil ecosystem functioning, long-term soil fertility and crop productivity, relative to mineral fertilization, on a global scale.

Organic amendments increase crop yields by improving microbe-mediated soil functioning of agroecosystems: A meta-analysis

Organic amendments enhance soil microbial diversity, microbial functionality and crop yields: A meta-analysis.

High nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs accelerate soil acidification and degradation in tea plantations, thus posing a threat to soil microbial diversity, species composition, and ecosystem service functions. The effects of organic fertilizer and biochar applications on improving soil fertility have been extensively studied on cropland; however, little is known about their effectiveness in promoting soil multifunctionality on rapidly expanding acidic soils in tea plantations. In this study, we conducted a two‐year field experiment in a subtropical tea plantation to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer substitution and biochar amendment on soil microbial communities and multifunctionality. The results showed that soil multifunctionality was enhanced in plots amended with organic fertilizer and biochar. Soil multifunctionality was significantly and positively correlated with alpha‐diversity of bacteria but not fungi. We also found that organic fertilizer substitution and biochar amendment improved soil multifunctionality by altering the abundance of keystone species. The abundance of keystone species classified as module hubs in the bacterial co‐occurrence network contributed significantly and positively to soil multifunctionality. In contrast, the keystone species categorized as module hubs in the fungal co‐occurrence network negatively affected soil multifunctionality. Soil pH was a key driver of soil microbial community composition, indicating that the increase in soil pH under organic fertilizer and biochar amendment had a crucial role in biological processes. These results suggest that organic substitution and biochar amendment are beneficial in preventing soil degradation and maintaining soil multifunctionality in subtropical tea plantations.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcbb.12926

Microbial diversity and the abundance of keystone species drive the response of soil multifunctionality to organic substitution and biochar amendment in a tea plantation

Dynamics of the antibiotic resistome in agricultural soils amended with different sources of animal manures over three consecutive years

Considering the global demands in sustaining agriculture, use of organic amendments is gradually increasing. An improved understanding of the biological process is essential to evaluate the performance of organic amendments on agro-ecosystem. Soils subjected to different fertilization regimes were collected from a field experiment. Microbial community compositions are assessed with 16S and ITS rRNA gene sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. Microbial functions are characterized with the geometric mean of the assayed enzyme activities (GMea) and the microbial carbon-use efficiency:nitrogen-use efficiency ratio (CUE:NUE). Compared with the chemically fertilized soil, the GMea significantly increased in organically amended soils. In contrast, the CUE:NUE was highest in chemically treated soil. These changes of microbial functional indicators were associated with shifts in the bacterial and not the fungal community composition, despite the fact that both the bacterial and fungal community compositions were significantly affected by the fertilization regimes. The abundances of specific soil bacterial taxa, especially the genera Luteimonas and Gemmatimona, were enriched by organic amendments. Soil organic carbon emerged as the major determinant of the bacterial community composition. Soil microbial activities and nutrient-use efficiencies were dramatically changed along with the alteration of bacterial community composition. Relatively greater abundance of Luteimonas and Gemmatimona taxa in soils might be useful indicators for soil amelioration. Our research could be helpful to provide better strategies for the maintenance of soil fertility.

Bacterial rather than fungal community composition is associated with microbial activities and nutrient-use efficiencies in a paddy soil with short-term organic amendments

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Bacterial rather than fungal community composition is associated with microbial activities and nutrient-use efficiencies in a paddy soil with short-term organic amendments