Microbial elements use efficiencies are the important parameters in regulating soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization processes. Microbial C use efficiency (CUE) describes the proportion of C used for growth relative to the total organic C uptake. As such, high CUE values mean relatively less CO2 emission and more C retention in microbial biomass. Similarly, a higher microbial N use efficiency (NUE) indicates efficient biomass N sequestration and less N mineralization. However, very little is known how the microbial CUE and NUE are affected by N enrichment in forest soils. Here, we studied soil microbial CUE and NUE simultaneously using 18O-water tracer approach in a long-term N addition experiment comprising control (atmospheric N deposition, 2.7 g N m−2 yr−1), low N addition (atmospheric N deposition + 2.5 g N m−2 yr−1) and high N addition (atmospheric N deposition + 7.5 g N m−2 yr−1) in a temperate forest. We found microbial CUE responses to N addition were dependent on N addition rates and soil horizons. Specifically, low N addition significantly increased the microbial CUE by 45.12% while high N addition significantly reduced it by 27.84% in organic soil. Further, mineral soil microbial CUE did not change under low N addition but significantly increased by 133.18% under high N addition. We also found microbial NUE decreased with increasing N addition rate in organic soil but showed an opposite pattern in mineral soil. The stoichiometric imbalances associated with phosphorus between microbial biomass and resources and the microbial community changes under N addition were correlated with microbial CUE and NUE. Further, N addition decreased microbial biomass turnover in organic soil but accelerated it in mineral soil. Altogether, our results indicated that N addition could control soil C and N cycling processes by affecting microbial elements use efficiencies (i.e. CUE and NUE), which may consequently impact C and N sequestration in this temperate forest soil.

Stoichiometric imbalance and microbial community regulate microbial elements use efficiencies under nitrogen addition

Globally nitrogen addition alters soil microbial community structure, but has minor effects on soil microbial diversity and richness

Effect of high soil C/N ratio and nitrogen limitation caused by the long-term combined organic-inorganic fertilization on the soil microbial community structure and its dominated SOC decomposition

Although a large number of studies have reported the importance of microbial communities in terrestrial ecosystems and their response to nitrogen (N) application, it is not clear in arid alpine wetlands, and the mechanisms involved need to be clarified. Therefore, the response of the soil microbial community in a swamp meadow to short-term (1 year) N application (CK: 0, N1: 8, N2: 16 kg⋅N⋅hm–2⋅a–1) was studied using 16S/ITS rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology. Results showed that N application had no significant effect on soil microbial community diversity, but significantly changed soil bacterial community structure. N1 and N2 treatments significantly reduced the relative abundance of Chloroflexi (18.11 and 32.99% lower than CK, respectively). N2 treatment significantly reduced the relative abundance of Nitrospirae (24.94% lower than CK). Meanwhile, N application reduced the potential function of partial nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) cycling in bacterial community. For example, compared with CK, nitrate respiration and nitrogen respiration decreased by 35.78–69.06%, and dark sulfide oxidation decreased by 76.36–94.29%. N application had little effect on fungal community structure and function. In general, short-term N application directly affected bacterial community structure and indirectly affected bacterial community structure and function through available potassium, while soil organic carbon was an important factor affecting fungal community structure and function.

/pdf/soil-microbial-community-response-to-nitrogen-application-on-2d5ydgp2.pdf

Soil Microbial Community Response to Nitrogen Application on a Swamp Meadow in the Arid Region of Central Asia

Soil fungi play critical roles in ecosystem processes and are sensitive to global changes. Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been well documented to impact on fungal diversity and community composition, but how the fungal community assembly responds to the duration effects of experimental N addition remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the soil fungal community variations and assembly processes under short- (2 years) versus long-term (13 years) exogenous N addition (∼100 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in a N-rich tropical forest of China. We observed that short-term N addition significantly increased fungal taxonomic and phylogenetic α-diversity and shifted fungal community composition with significant increases in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and decreases in that of Basidiomycota. Short-term N addition also significantly increased the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi and decreased that of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, unremarkable effects on these indices were found under long-term N addition. The variations of fungal α-diversity, community composition, and the relative abundance of major phyla, genera, and functional guilds were mainly correlated with soil pH and NO3--N concentration, and these correlations were much stronger under short-term than long-term N addition. The results of null, neutral community models and the normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) index consistently revealed that stochastic processes played predominant roles in the assembly of soil fungal community in the tropical forest, and the relative contribution of stochastic processes was significantly increased by short-term N addition. These findings highlighted that the responses of fungal community to N addition were duration-dependent, i.e., fungal community structure and assembly would be sensitive to short-term N addition but become adaptive to long-term N enrichment.

/pdf/adaptation-of-soil-fungal-community-structure-and-assembly-4mc6rwrb6r.pdf

Adaptation of Soil Fungal Community Structure and Assembly to Long- Versus Short-Term Nitrogen Addition in a Tropical Forest.

The 18O-labelled-water incubation approach is the latest widely used method for soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) estimation. This approach assumes oxygen used for microbial DNA synthesis is from growth medium water. However, whether the oxygen might be from oxygen gas (O2) is unknown. Here we compared the results of 18O-labelled water and 18O-labelled O2 incubation experiments following the standard procedure of soil microbial CUE measurement. Results indicated that 99.25% of the oxygen atoms in the newly synthesized microbial DNA after 48 h of incubation were derived from applied water, while 0.75% of the oxygen atoms were derived from O2. Our study suggests the contribution of O2 to microbial DNA synthesis is negligible during short-term incubation and the 18O-labelled-water approach is reliable for estimating soil microbial CUE for the tested forest soil. 

Oxygen gas derived oxygen does not affect the accuracy of 18O-labelled water approach for microbial carbon use efficiency

Increased soil nitrogen (N) from atmospheric N deposition could change microbial communities and functions. However, the underlying mechanisms and whether soil phosphorus (P) status are responsible for these changes still have not been well explained. Here, we investigated the effects of N and P additions on soil bacterial and fungal communities and predicted their functional compositions in a temperate forest. We found that N addition significantly decreased soil bacterial diversity in the organic (O) horizon, but tended to increase bacterial diversity in the mineral (A) horizon soil. P addition alone did not significantly change soil bacterial diversity but mitigated the negative effect of N addition on bacterial diversity in the O horizon. Neither N addition nor P addition significantly influenced soil fungal diversity. Changes in soil microbial community composition under N and P additions were mainly due to the shifts in soil pH and NO3− contents. N addition can affect bacterial functional potentials, such as ureolysis, N fixation, respiration, decomposition of organic matter processes, and fungal guilds, such as pathogen, saprotroph, and mycorrhizal fungi, by which more C probably was lost in O horizon soil under increased N deposition. However, P addition can alleviate or switch the effects of increased N deposition on the microbial functional potentials in O horizon soil and may even be a benefit for more C sequestration in A horizon soil. Our results highlight the different responses of microorganisms to N and P additions between O and A horizons and provides an important insight for predicting the changes in forest C storage status under increasing N deposition in the future.

Phosphorus Reduces Negative Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Soil Microbial Communities and Functions.

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Stoichiometric imbalance and microbial community regulate microbial elements use efficiencies under nitrogen addition

Oxygen gas derived oxygen does not affect the accuracy of 18O-labelled water approach for microbial carbon use efficiency

Phosphorus Reduces Negative Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Soil Microbial Communities and Functions.