Introduction: The applications of naturally obtained polymers are tremendously increased due to them being biocompatible, biodegradable, environmentally friendly and renewable in nature. Among them...

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

The transition toward "green" alternatives to petroleum-based plastics is driven by the need for "drop-in" replacement materials able to combine characteristics of existing plastics with biodegradability and renewability features. Promising alternatives are the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial biodegradable polyesters produced by a wide range of microorganisms as carbon, energy, and redox storage material, displaying properties very close to fossil-fuel-derived polyolefins. Among PHAs, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is by far the most well-studied polymer. PHB is a thermoplastic polyester, with very narrow processability window, due to very low resistance to thermal degradation. Since the melting temperature of PHB is around 170-180°C, the processing temperature should be at least 180-190°C. The thermal degradation of PHB at these temperatures proceeds very quickly, causing a rapid decrease in its molecular weight. Moreover, due to its high crystallinity, PHB is stiff and brittle resulting in very poor mechanical properties with low extension at break, which limits its range of application. A further limit to the effective exploitation of these polymers is related to their production costs, which is mostly affected by the costs of the starting feedstocks. Since the first identification of PHB, researchers have faced these issues, and several strategies to improve the processability and reduce brittleness of this polymer have been developed. These approaches range from the in vivo synthesis of PHA copolymers, to the enhancement of post-synthesis PHB-based material performances, thus the addition of additives and plasticizers, acting on the crystallization process as well as on polymer glass transition temperature. In addition, reactive polymer blending with other bio-based polymers represents a versatile approach to modulate polymer properties while preserving its biodegradability. This review examines the state of the art of PHA processing, shedding light on the green and cost-effective tailored strategies aimed at modulating and optimizing polymer performances. Pioneering examples in this field will be examined, and prospects and challenges for their exploitation will be presented. Furthermore, since the establishment of a PHA-based industry passes through the designing of cost-competitive production processes, this review will inspect reported examples assessing this economic aspect, examining the most recent progresses toward process sustainability.

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In vivo and Post-synthesis Strategies to Enhance the Properties of PHB-Based Materials: A Review.

Pulmonary drug delivery is a highly attractive topic for the treatment of infectious lung diseases. Drug delivery via the pulmonary route offers unique advantages of no first-pass effect and high bioavailability, which provides an important means to deliver therapeutics directly to lung lesions. Starting from the structural characteristics of the lungs and the biological barriers for achieving efficient delivery, we aim to review literatures in the past decade regarding the pulmonary delivery strategies used to treat infectious lung diseases. Hopefully, this review article offers new insights into the future development of therapeutic strategies against pulmonary infectious diseases from a delivery point of view. 

/pdf/a-roadmap-to-pulmonary-delivery-strategies-for-the-treatment-240ii8vf.pdf

A roadmap to pulmonary delivery strategies for the treatment of infectious lung diseases

Application of functionalized chitosan in food: A review.

Dissolving microneedle patches loaded with amphotericin B microparticles for localised and sustained intradermal delivery: Potential for enhanced treatment of cutaneous fungal infections.

Preparation of chitosan-cellulose-benzyl isothiocyanate nanocomposite film for food packaging applications.

Dual pancreas- and lung-targeting therapy for local and systemic complications of acute pancreatitis mediated by a phenolic propanediamine moiety.

Implantable sandwich PHBHHx film for burst-free controlled delivery of thymopentin peptide.

Objective To investigate the epidemiology and the effectiveness of resuscitation from cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) among critically ill children and adolescents during pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay across China. Methods A prospective multicenter study was conducted in 11 PICUs in tertiary hospitals. Consecutively hospitalized critically ill children, from 29-day old to 18-year old, who had suffered from CPA and required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the PICU were enrolled (December 2017–October 2018). Data were collected and analyzed using the “in-hospital Utstein style.” Neurological outcome was assessed with the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) scale among children who had survived. Factors associated with the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival at discharge were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Results Among 11,599 admissions to PICU, 372 children (3.2%) had CPA during their stay; 281 (75.5%) received CPR, and 91 (24.5%) did not (due to an order of “Do Not Resuscitate” requested by their guardians). Cardiopulmonary disease was the most common reason for CPA (28.1% respiratory and 19.6% circulatory). The most frequent initial dysrhythmia was bradycardia (79%). In total, 170 (60.3%) of the total children had an ROSC, 91 had (37.4%) survived till hospital discharge, 28 (11.5%) had survived 6 months, and 19 (7.8%) had survived for 1 year after discharge. Among the 91 children who were viable at discharge, 47.2% (43/91) received a good PCPC score (1–3). The regression analysis results revealed that the duration of CPR and the dose of epinephrine were significantly associated with ROSC, while the duration of CPR, number of CPR attempts, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF), and the dose of epinephrine were significantly associated with survival at discharge. Conclusion The prevalence of CPA in critically ill children and adolescents is relatively high in China. The duration of CPR and the dose of epinephrine are associated with ROSC. The long-term prognosis of children who had survived after CPR needs further improvement.

Epidemiology of Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Outcome of Resuscitation in PICU Across China: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study

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Papers

Preparation of chitosan-cellulose-benzyl isothiocyanate nanocomposite film for food packaging applications.

Dual pancreas- and lung-targeting therapy for local and systemic complications of acute pancreatitis mediated by a phenolic propanediamine moiety.

Implantable sandwich PHBHHx film for burst-free controlled delivery of thymopentin peptide.

Epidemiology of Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Outcome of Resuscitation in PICU Across China: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study