Abstract In recent years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have become the most active part of the catalytic field due to their excellent catalytic activity. Among them, Ru SACs exhibit excellent performance in many catalytic applications due to their high atomic utilization efficiency, catalytic activity and selectivity, and relatively low cost. In order to understand the structure–performance relationship and potential catalytic mechanism of Ru SACs, this review summarizes the research progress of Ru SACs in the fields of electrocatalytic water splitting, fuel cells, nitrogen reduction, and nitrate reduction in recent years. The catalytic process of Ru single atom in different synthesis methods and modification strategies is summarized. Finally, some opportunities and challenges for the future development of Ru SACs are prospected. 

Recent Progress of Ru Single‐Atom Catalyst: Synthesis, Modification, and Energetic Applications

Since the threat of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the environment and human health, the removal of them is impatient. Among numerous VOC degradation methods, catalytic complete oxidation is currently considered as a feasible technology with the advantages of high activity, low energy consumption and less secondary pollution. In the last years, great promise has been demonstrated in applying metal– organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives in catalytic abatement of VOCs due to their high specific area, high porosity and adjustable pore size. Herein, we provide an overview of the progresses for the preparation of the types MOF–derived metal oxide catalysts and their application on the catalytic abatement of typical VOCs removal. Possible catalytic removal mechanisms are introduced in the context of multiple characterizations and calculation. The effect of water vapor in catalytic oxidation of VOCs is summarized. Highlighted the strengths of monolithic catalysts and present their advantages in industrial applications. Finally, the future development trends and challenges of its present application are recommended. 

Recent advances in catalytic removal volatile organic compounds over metal–organic framework–derived catalysts: A review

A series of CeO2 samples modified with various metals M (M = Cu, Co and Fe) were synthesized via a simple sol–gel approach. The experimental results showed that there were significant differences in the catalytic activities between different metal-doped Ce-based catalysts. The Ce-Cu sample possessed excellent catalytic activity at low temperatures, and 90 % conversion of toluene was at 255 ℃, which was due to the presence of ample oxygen vacancies (Ov). Three degradation pathways for toluene oxidation were inferred based on the in situ DRIFTS. The Ce-Cu catalysts possessed abundant Ov, which improved the conversion between Oads → Olatt and the breakage of aromatic rings, thus reducing the production of intermediates. The Ce-Co and Ce-Fe catalysts owned few amounts of Ov species, leading to an extensive amount of by-products. Furthermore, the loss of active sites inhibited the reaction rate, causing the inferior catalytic performance of the Ce-Co and Ce-Fe samples. 

Degradation mechanism of toluene over Ce-M (Cu, Co and Fe) catalysts: Effect of oxygen vacancies on reaction intermediates

Recent research highlights the pressing need for innovative and practical oxidation degradation technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, a monolithic catalyst was successfully developed by loading Pt-CeO2 onto nickel foam (NF) matrix through hydrothermal and reduction methods. The photothermal catalytic performance was investigated at room temperature for varying Pt content, toluene concentration, light source type, and water content. Remarkably, the toluene removal efficiency and CO2 selectivity stabilized at 98.8 % and 74.6 %, respectively, within less than 10 min of light activation. The d-d transition thermal effect of CeO2 and plasma effect of Pt enhanced light-to-heat conversion and active free radical generation (•O2– and •OH) through light absorption, respectively. The NF matrix's excellent thermal conductivity ensured a rapid increase in catalyst temperature upon visible light irradiation, reaching 173 °C. The study demonstrated that both the Mars-van Krevelen (Mvk) oxidation process, driven by temperature increase from near-infrared (NIR) absorption, and the free radical oxidation process, induced by higher energy illumination, synergistically contributed to toluene decomposition and mineralization. The catalyst's morphology, physical and chemical properties, surface synergistic oxidation process involving gaseous oxygen and free radicals, and toluene degradation pathway were thoroughly analyzed. We believe that this coexistence of thermocatalytic and photocatalytic mechanisms in a monolithic catalyst driven by renewable solar energy holds significant potential for practical applications and warrants further exploration. 

High efficiency photothermal synergistic degradation of toluene achieved through the utilization of a nickel foam loaded Pt-CeO2 monolithic catalyst

With the objective to develop applicable catalysts for methanol steam reforming (MSR) to generate H2, five individual REOs were prepared as supports for Cu/CuO to understand the Cu/CuO-support interaction. Pure REO supports with a cubic phase are successfully fabricated except that monoclinic La2O2CO3 carbonate is formed for La2O3 sample, which has negative effect on the reaction. The reaction performance ranks as 5 % Cu/CeO2 > 5 % Cu/Sm2O3 > 5 % Cu/Pr6O11 > 5 % Cu/Y2O3 > 5 % Cu/La2O3 for the samples. It has been disclosed that the quantities of surface basic sites, active O2– species, Cu+ contents/percentage and active Cu surface area are positively correlated to the reaction performance. Thus, the interaction together of these four factors decides the reaction performance. In addition, In-situ DRIFTS results of CH3OH adsorbing/steam reforming have demonstrated that on the optimal 5 % Cu/CeO2, the reactive monodentate m-HCOO* intermediate is formed, which is absent on 5 % Cu/Y2O3 with worse performance. 

Cu/REO (RE = La, Pr, Sm, Y, Ce) catalysts for methanol steam reforming: Understanding the interaction between Cu and individual REO supports

Constructing the interfacial sites in catalysts is an effective strategy to improve catalytic performance. Here, we insert cerium atoms into zirconia via a co-precipitation method. Cerium atom exists in the...

Exploration of atomic interface with inherent oxygen vacancy in zirconia for toluene oxidation

To understand the characteristics of the transcriptional group of Taenia pisiformis at different developmental stages, and to lay the foundation for the screening of vaccine antigens and drug target genes, the transcriptomes of adult and larva of T. pisiformis were assembled and analyzed using bioinformatic tools. A total of 36,951 unigenes with a mean length of 950bp were formed, among which 12,665, 8,188, 7,577, and 6,293 unigenes have been annotated respectively by sequence similarity analysis with four databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG). It should be noted there are 5,662 unigenes that share good similarity with the four databases and get a relatively perfect functional annotation. Besides, a total of 10,247 differentially expressed genes were screened. To be specific, 6,910 unigenes were up-regulated in the larva stage while 3,337 were down-regulated in the adult stage. To sum up, this study sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes of the larval and adult stages of T. pisiformis. The results of differentially expressed genes in these two stages could provide basis for functional genomics, immunology and gene expression profiles of T. pisiformis.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/12/09/490276.full.pdf

Comparative Transcriptomes Analysis of Taenia pisiformis at Different Development Stages

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Exploration of atomic interface with inherent oxygen vacancy in zirconia for toluene oxidation

Comparative Transcriptomes Analysis of Taenia pisiformis at Different Development Stages