Current algorithms for the clinical management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) are based on a stage-dependent strategy where all patients at the same TNM stage receive the same treatment. Patient outcomes might be substantially improved by biomarker-guided treatment selection based on individual differences in the genetic and biological characteristics of tumours. Rapid technical advances enabling fast and affordable comprehensive molecular characterisation of tumours have led to increased knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in neoplastic transformation and disease progression in HNSCC. Despite notable successes in other tumour entities, the exploitation of molecular data for the improvement of tumour staging, prognosis, and individual treatment selection for patients with HNSCC has not yet become clinical routine. In this Review, we discuss and merge existing and new information on prognostic biomarkers for HNSCC, with the potential to improve clinical management of patients in the near future.

Novel prognostic clinical factors and biomarkers for outcome prediction in head and neck cancer: a systematic review.

Long non-coding RNAs as a determinant of cancer drug resistance: Towards the overcoming of chemoresistance via modulation of lncRNAs.

Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the eighth most prevalent cancer in the world, arises from the interaction of multiple factors including tobacco, alcohol consumption, and betel quid. Chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel have now become the first-line options for OSCC patients. Nevertheless, most OSCC patients eventually acquire drug resistance, leading to poor prognosis. With the discovery and identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), the functions of dysregulated ncRNAs in OSCC development and drug resistance are gradually being widely recognized. The mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC are intricate and involve drug efflux, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, and autophagy. At present, strategies to explore the reversal of drug resistance of OSCC need to be urgently developed. Nano-delivery and self-cellular drug delivery platforms are considered as effective strategies to overcome drug resistance due to their tumor targeting, controlled release, and consistent pharmacokinetic profiles. In particular, the combined application of new technologies (including CRISPR systems) opened up new horizons for the treatment of drug resistance of OSCC. Hence, this review explored emerging regulatory functions of ncRNAs in drug resistance of OSCC, elucidated multiple ncRNA-meditated mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC, and discussed the potential value of drug delivery platforms using nanoparticles and self-cells as carriers in drug resistance of OSCC.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cac2.12194

The role of non-coding RNAs in drug resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma and therapeutic potential.

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of hypoxia on the invasion and metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma. The invasion and migration ability of laryngeal cancer SCC10A cell was detected by transwell assay. Western blot was applied to analyze the expression of EMT-related proteins. Fifty-seven samples from postoperative patients with laryngeal cancer were collected to study. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of GLUT-1 and EMT-related proteins (Vim, E-cad, N-cad) in normal laryngeal squamous epithelial tissue, laryngeal cancer adjacent tissues and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Hypoxia promoted laryngeal cancer cell invasion and migration. Hypoxia also enhanced the expression of GLUT-1, vimentin and N-cad, which exist statistically significant correlation with the clinical staging and lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). The expression of GLUT-1 is positively correlated with Vim and N-cad expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues, but negatively correlated with E-cad expression. The patient survival rate with the positive expression of GLUT-1, Vim and N-cad becomes much shorter compared with those with negative expression of GLUT-1, Vim and N-cad (P < 0.05). Hypoxia promoted laryngeal cancer cell invasion and migration via EMT.

Hypoxia promotes the invasion and metastasis of laryngeal cancer cells via EMT

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been found to improve the prognosis of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), the most common oral cancer with a poor prognosis. Chemoresistance to cisplatin appears to be an important clinical problem for cisplatin-based TSCC chemotherapy. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in regulating tumor cells' sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. A recent study has shown that the expression of lncRNA UCA1 is significantly enhanced in TSCCs, suggesting that UCA1 may play a role in TSCC progression. In the present study, we explored the effects and the underlying mechanisms of UCA1 on cisplatin chemosensitivity/chemoresistance and apoptosis in TSCC cells. Transient transfection of siRNA was used to knock down UCA1 in human TSCC cell lines CAL 27 and SCC-9, where UCA1 was highly overexpressed compared to normal human tongue tissues. Knockdown of UCA1 markedly increased cisplatin-induced caspase 3 activity and apoptosis in CAL 27 and SCC-9 cells. On the other hand, it decreased cisplatin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and activation phosphorylation of Akt. UCA1 knockdown resulted in one magnitude decrease in the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin in CAL 27 and SCC-9 cells, from 8.9 mM and 20.7 mM down to 0.6 mM and 1.7 mM, respectively. In conclusion, this study has shown that UCA1 knockdown markedly increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis and chemosensitivity in TSCC cells, likely through inhibiting cisplatin-activated PI3K/Akt signaling. It provides new insights into the functional role of UCA1 in cancer cells and suggests that UCA1 knockdown could be a new strategy to increase cisplatin chemosensitivity and thereby improve the therapeutic outcomes of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for TSCC.

Knockdown of long noncoding RNA urothelial cancer-associated 1 enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells.

The invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine for treating toothache, and relates to the field of traditional Chinese medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine comprises the following raw materials by weight: 12g of rhizoma anemarrhenae, 10g of tree peony bark, 15g of corydalis tuber, 15g of angelica dahurica, 12g of zanthoxylum and 6g of nidus vespae. A preparation method of the medicine comprises: preparing the traditional Chinese medicines by weight according to medicine matching standards; adding water with the volume tripling that of the traditional Chinese medicines; boiling the medicines about an hour by slow fire; filtrating the liquid medicine when the liquid medicine is condensed to one fifth of the volume of the added water; and obtaining the medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine is taken orally, in the morning and at night respectively, or can be taken orally during gargling; the liquid medicine is kept in mouth and gargled for a plurality of times, then the medicine is taken orally, and the better effect can be achieved.

Chinese medicinal medicament for treating toothache

Paxillin (PXN) gene has been reported to act as an oncogene in many malignancies and play important roles in the development of human carcinomas. However, the relationship between the expression of PXN and clinicopathological characteristics in human laryngeal carcinoma remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the expression of PXN, and to evaluate the clinical significance of its expression in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyze the expression of PXN in LSCC tissues and corresponding paracancerous normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognosis of patients with LSCC. The expression of PXN was significantly higher in LSCC than in matched paracancerous normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in human LSCC samples and the data were correlated with clinicopathologic features. Levels of PXN in LSCC were related to histopathological grade (P = 0.016), Lymph node metastasis (P = 0.029) and TNM stage (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that survival curves of the overall survival of patients with high PXN expression was significantly worse than that of low PXN expression (P = 0.035). Cox regression analysis revealed that PXN expression level was an independent prognostic factor of the overall survival rate of patients with LSCC (P = 0.002). These findings suggest that PXN expression has potential use as a novel biomarker of LSCC patients and may serve as an independent predictive factor for prognosis of LSCC patients.

Expression of paxillin in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic value

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Knockdown of long noncoding RNA urothelial cancer-associated 1 enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Chinese medicinal medicament for treating toothache

Expression of paxillin in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic value