It is known that flavonoids in sprouts were accumulated more under light irradiation than under dark Light source affecting flavonoid accumulation in sprouts is still investigating We evaluated the effects of light sources, including red, blue and fluorescent lights, on the flavonoid accumulation and antioxidant activity in common buckwheat sprouts Experimental results showed that blue light significantly enhanced the contents of C-glycosylflavones, including orientin, vitexin and their isomers, and rutin and a rutin isomer Sprouts grown under blue light exhibit also the highest total phenolics and total flavonoids as well as the highest antioxidant activities It was found that isoorientin is the highest antioxidant flavonoid whereas numerous former studies suggested that rutin is a typical antioxidant compound in common buckwheat These results indicated that blue light could be applied for enhancing not only the content of flavonoids but also antioxidant activity in common buckwheat sprouts

/pdf/effects-of-light-sources-on-major-flavonoids-and-antioxidant-4rrjsfww77.pdf

Effects of light sources on major flavonoids and antioxidant activity in common buckwheat sprouts.

The epidermis of swollen storage roots in purple cultivars of turnip “Tsuda” (Brassica rapa) accumulates anthocyanin in a light-dependent manner, especially in response to UV-A light, of which the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we mutagenized 15,000 seeds by 0.5% (v/v) ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and obtained 14 mutants with abnormal anthocyanin production in their epidermis of swollen storage roots. These mutants were classified into two groups: the red mutants with constitutive anthocyanin accumulation in their epidermis of storage roots even in underground parts in darkness and the white mutants without anthocyanin accumulation in the epidermis of storage roots in aboveground parts exposed to sunlight. Test cross analysis demonstrated that w9, w68, w204, r15, r21, r30 and r57 contained different mutations responsible for their phenotypic variations. Further genetic analysis of four target mutants (w9, w68, w204 and r15) indicated that each of them was controlled by a different recessive gene. Intriguingly, the expression profiles of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including structural and regulatory genes, coincided with their anthocyanin levels in the epidermis of storage roots in the four target mutants. We proposed that potential genes responsible for the mutations should be upstream factors of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in turnips, which provided resources to further investigate the mechanisms of light-induced anthocyanin accumulation.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/7/1288/pdf

Identification of Light-Independent Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Mutants Induced by Ethyl Methane Sulfonate in Turnip “Tsuda” (Brassica rapa)

A microwave‐based process to control invasive species (seeds and adult stages) in the field prior to plant community restoration is currently under development. We investigated the effect of four microwave treatment pairings of Power × Duration (2kW4min, 4kW2min, 2kW8min, and 4kW4min) on seedling emergence of (1) an abandoned field seed bank used as a model for various plant species and (2) seeds of three species invasive in Europe: Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Reynoutria × bohemica (Bohemian knotweed), and Solidago gigantea (Giant goldenrod). In addition, we assessed whether nontreated seeds of these three invasive species could germinate on microwave‐treated soils. As microwave soil heating usually leads to nonhomogeneous temperatures within a sample, we also assessed whether the position of seeds in the soil during microwave treatment (center vs. edges) impacted seedling emergence. Results show that the most intensive microwave treatments (2kW8min and 4kW4min), enabling the soil to reach 85°C, are highly effective in inhibiting seedling emergence of invasive species and the seed bank. The 2kW8min treatment, combining lowest power and longest exposure, is the most effective, reducing seed bank seedling emergence by 98% compared to control. The results also reveal a species‐specific response to heat, and lower microwave effectiveness on seeds located at the soil surface, which may explain the incomplete effectiveness of intensive treatments. Our results also suggest that prior microwave soil treatment does not prevent a considerable proportion of newly arrived invasive species seeds from germinating, suggesting that this method should be followed by restoration of native plant cover.

/pdf/microwave-soil-heating-reduces-seedling-emergence-of-a-wide-3k45ap6iwu.pdf

Microwave soil heating reduces seedling emergence of a wide range of species including invasives

There is a scarcity of research reports on the effect of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation on genome-wide transcriptional regulation in the multicellular green microalga including Volvox carteri (V. carteri). This microalga possesses only two cell types including mortal and motile somatic cells, as well as immortal and immotile reproductive cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of low-dose UV-B radiation on the cell-type-specific gene expression pattern of reproductive and somatic cells in an asexual life cycle of V. carteri using RNA sequence method. To this end, the separated reproductive and somatic cells were treated for 1 hour at an intensity of 0.056 mW/cm-2 UV-B radiation. Then, a transcriptome analysis was conducted between the UV-B and white light treated groups in either of the cell types. Based on differential gene expression analyses, no differentially expressed genes were found in reproductive cells under the treatment as compared to the control group. This type of cell maintained its steady state. However, treating the somatic cells with UV-B radiation led to at least 126 differentially expressed genes compared to the untreated control group. In addition, the results of a direct comparison demonstrated a restricted and wide response to UV-B radiation in somatic cells as compared to reproductive cells. Based on the results, UV-B radiation could be involved in cell-type-specific regulation of biological pathways.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15592324.2019.1657339

Different regulations of cell-type transcription by UV-B in multicellular green alga Volvox carteri

Anthocyanins have antioxidant properties, protective cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, visual disturbances, liver damage, or UV-B radiation, plant development that make a major contribution to the quality of fruits. The crosstalk amongst light, sugar, DELLAs and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) for anthocyanins accumulation was investigated. The UV-B irradiation significantly increased UVR8 and COP1 with the contribution of monomeric UVR8 to form a complex (UVR8-COP1-SPA) that regulates the transcription of specific anthocyanins biosynthesis genes. Sucrose increases the stabilization of DELLAs and degradation of gibberellins and activates the structural genes of anthocyanins biosynthesis. In this opinion article, DELLAs and HY5 transcription factors have emerged as hubs under the sugar and light regulation networks in anthocyanins biosynthesis. A better understanding of these regulatory networks is able to beneficial for breeding programs directing to modify the anthocyanins. © 2018 Friends Science Publishers

New opinion of sugar and light crosstalk in the induction of anthocyanins biosynthesis in fruits.

Short-wavelength lights (280–400 nm), such as blue and ultraviolet light, play crucial roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. Previous works have demonstrated that both blue and ultraviolet light can induce anthocyanin pigmentation in the hypocotyls of turnip seedlings. However, in this work we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis is induced either by UV-A or co-irradiation of blue and UV-B, but not by monochromatic blue or UV-B light in the peels of the swollen root of turnip (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa). To gain insight into regulation signaling of anthocyanin accumulation and the global transcriptional regulation induced by short-wavelength light, we investigated gene expression profiles in peels of turnip swollen root exposed to UV-A and blue + UV-B using RNA-seq. Among 41,991 genes identified by RNA-seq, 754 genes were specifically modulated by UV-A; three of these genes were anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes: chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase. By contrast, PAL, CHI and F3H, the early structural genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were modulated by both UV-A and blue + UV-B. Gene ontology analysis manifested that non-specific signaling pathway ROS and cysteine biosynthetic process pathway were co-regulated with anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway under UV-A. This study provides a valuable overview of the transcriptome changes and gives insight into the genetic background that responsible for UV-A and blue + UV-B-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in turnip.

Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene set expression associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to short-wavelength light in turnip

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Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene set expression associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to short-wavelength light in turnip