Turning continues to be the largest segment of the machining industry, which highlights the continued demand for turned parts and the overall improvement of the process. The turning process has seen quite an evolution, from basic lathes using solid tools, to complex CNC (Computer Numerical Control) multi-process machines, using, for the most part, coated inserts and coated tools. These coatings have proven to be a significant step in the production of high-quality parts and a higher tool life that have captivated the industry. Continuous improvement to turning coated tools has been made, with many researches focusing on the optimization of turning processes that use coated tools. In the present paper, a presentation of various recently published papers on this subject is going to be made, mentioning the various types of coatings that have recently been used in the turning process, the turning of hard to machine materials, such as titanium alloys and Inconel, as well as the interaction of these coatings with the turned surfaces, the wear patterns that these coatings suffer during the turning of materials and relating these wear mechanisms to the coated tool’s life expectancy. Some lubrication conditions present a more sustainable alternative to current methods used in the turning process; the employment of coated tool inserts under these conditions is a current popular research topic, as there is a focus on opting for more eco-friendly machining options.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/2/170/pdf

Recent Advances in Turning Processes Using Coated Tools—A Comprehensive Review

Bipolar plates are recognized as an important component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) because of their critical duties of separating reactant gas, cooling medium, conducting electricity, as well as discharging heat and product water. Recognizing the importance of bipolar plates to the functioning of PEMFCs, researchers have been committed to create bipolar plates with high conductivity, good air tightness, appropriate mechanical qualities, corrosion resistance, and cheap cost. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional requirements and parameter specifications for bipolar plates, followed by a detailed analysis of research developments in recent years for three categories of bipolar plates: graphite, metallic, and composite. Meanwhile, the influence of physicochemical parameters, such as the morphologies, internal structure and composition, on the corrosion-resistance ability, mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivities of bipolar plates are examined and reported. This review covers various research directions and highlights the most promising avenues for future research. The objective of this review is to give guidelines for researchers who intend to create high-performance bipolar plates for use in PEMFCs. 

Research progress and prospect of the materials of bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Effects of specific surface area of electrode and different electrolyte on capacitance properties in nano porous-structure CrN thin film electrode for supercapacitor

The TiAlSiN/Cr multilayer coatings with different thicknesses of chromium (Cr) layers were designed and prepared by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) and direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) for the improvement of their solid particle erosion and corrosion resistance. The structure-property relationship was investigated by the systematic characterization of the microstructure, hardness, Young's modulus, toughness, solid particle erosion resistance, and corrosion properties of those coatings. The results reveal that the TiAlSiN layers consisted of the TiN crystalline phase and amorphous phase. As the Cr layers thickness increased, the grain growth of the Cr layers was columnar with a strong Cr (110)-preferred orientation. Compared with the TiAlSiN coating, the TiAlSiN/Cr multilayer coatings showed significantly improved toughness and corrosion performance. The toughness, H/E ratio, erosion resistance at impact angle of 90°, and corrosion resistance of the TiAlSiN/Cr multilayer coatings firstly increased when the Cr layer thickness increased up to 21 nm, before decreasing with a further increase of Cr layer thickness. Our results show that the TiAlSiN/Cr multilayer coatings with the Cr layer thickness of 21 nm exhibit enhanced toughness, excellent erosion resistance, and corrosion resistance together with high hardness.

Improvement of solid particle erosion and corrosion resistance using TiAlSiN/Cr multilayer coatings

Nanostructuring is a commonly employed method of obtaining superior mechanical properties in metals and alloys. Compared to conventional polycrystalline counterparts, nanostructuring can provide remarkable improvements in yield strength, toughness, fatigue life, corrosion resistance, and hardness, which is attributed to the nano grain size. In this review paper, the current state-of-the-art of synthesis methods of nanocrystalline (NC) materials such as rapid solidification, chemical precipitation, chemical vapor deposition, and mechanical alloying, including high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and cryomilling was elucidated. More specifically, the effect of various process parameters on mechanical properties and microstructural features were explained for a broad range of engineering materials. This study also explains the mechanism of grain strengthening using the Hall-Petch relation and illustrates the effects of post-processing on the grain size and subsequently their properties. This review also reports the applications, challenges, and future scope for the NC materials.

Nanocrystalline Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications

Micro-nano multilayer structure design and solid particle erosion resistance performance of CrAlNx/CrAlN coating

Thermal stabilization of nanocrystalline promoting conductive corrosion resistance of TiN–Ag films for metal bipolar plates

The phase constituents and mechanical properties of Cr/CrAlN and Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN coatings which prepared by Arc Ion Plating were investigated in this work. The stress variation of the coating process was investigated by the finite element method and the failure mechanism of the coatings was analyzed. The results suggested that the, Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN coating have fewer surface micro-particles, higher adhesion strength (86.7 ± 2.1 N), and lower residual stress (−1.665 ± 0.042 GPa) compared with Cr/CrAlN coating. In addition, the erosion resistance performance of the multilayer coatings is obviously higher than that of the uncoated specimen. According to crack growth and stress analysis, it is found that Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN coating has better longitudinal and transverse stress dissipation ability. During the impact of solid particles, high tensile stress is the main reason for the formation and propagation of brittle cracks in the coating. In addition, according to the plastic-brittle (DBT) transition of the Cr layer, it is inferred that the fracture failure mechanism of the coating is a joint mechanism of brittleness and toughness.

Solid particle erosion resistance of Cr-base gradient multilayer coatings

The thin-film electrode for supercapacitors has broad prospects for providing high energy storage capacity. However, the microstructure of dense film resulting in poor ion access limits its capacitance still far below the theoretical value. Here, CrN thin film electrodes with good cycle performance can be prepared by tuning the porosity of the film at the nanoscale level. The atomic diffusion process and atomic peening effect that occur during the sputtering process of chromium nitride are the pivotal parameters for generating porosity and high specific surface area. During the controlled sputtering process, an increase in the nitrogen flow rate causes an increase in the porosity in each column (intracolumnar porosity), while an increase in temperature controlling the gap between two columns (intercolumnar porosity). When the nitrogen flow rate is 10 sccm and the deposition temperature is 250 °C the CrN film has the areal capacitance of 41.7 mF cm−2, 10 mV s−1 at the thickness of 950 nm. In addition, the CrN film has good electrochemical cycling stability, the capacity retention rate is still as high as 93.2% after 20,000 cycles. Therefore, the CrN film electrode has a promising application prospects in energy storage systems such as supercapacitors.

Sputtered chromium nitride films with finely tuned intra- and intercolumnar porosities as pseudocapacitive electrode for supercapacitors

The study aimed to investigate the role of androgen receptor (AR)/cell cycle‐related kinase (CCRK) signalling pathway in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and gender differences, and the contribution of AR regulatory factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in it. AR, CCRK, and phosphorylated STAT3 expressions in liver tissues of chronic HBV‐infected patients and non‐HBV controls were determined by western blot and compared between genders. The relationships of expression levels with serum HBV DNA levels, liver inflammation activity, and fibrosis score were analysed in chronic HBV‐infected patients. The relationships between expression levels of three proteins were also analysed. HBV‐infected patients had significantly higher expression levels of AR, CCRK, and p‐STAT3Tyr705 compared with controls (p < .01). The expression levels of AR, CCRK, and p‐STAT3Tyr705 in chronic HBV‐infected patients with severe inflammation were significantly higher than those with mild inflammation (p < .05). Expression levels in patients with heavier fibrosis (stage F4) were higher than in those with less fibrosis (stages F0–3) (p < .01). No gender differences were observed in AR, CCRK, and p‐STAT3Tyr705 levels in non‐HBV controls; higher levels were observed in HBV‐infected males than in HBV‐infected females (p < .05). AR, CCRK, and p‐STAT3Tyr705 levels in liver tissues positively correlated with each other (p < .0001) and with serum HBV DNA levels (p < .0001). In conclusion, in this study, we first found concordant over‐expression of AR, CCRK, and STAT3 in liver tissues of chronic HBV‐infected patients who have not yet developed HCC, significantly correlated with the severity of the disease and showed gender differences. STAT3 may be a potential therapeutic co‐target for chronic HBV infection.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 cooperates with androgen receptor/cell cycle‐related kinase signalling pathway in the progression of hepatitis B virus infection and gender differences

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