Most existing room temperature magnetic refrigeration (MR) prototypes are based on the concept of an active magnetic regenerator (AMR). However, for these MR prototypes, three obstacles, i.e. theoretical limit of the MR thermodynamic cycle, low operating frequency, and large irreversible loss during heat regeneration, limit the enhancement of their temperature span and cooling capacity, and further restrict their commercial application. In this paper, the solutions to these obstacles are reviewed from the perspectives of MR thermodynamic cycles and heat transfer enhancement during heat regeneration. With respect to MR cycles, the future trend is likely to be fully solid-state MR cycle and multi-caloric refrigeration cycle. With regard to heat transfer enhancement, the three methods exhibit good practical prospects, namely using liquid metals or nanofluids as the heat transfer fluid, shaping a magnetocaloric material (MCM) into an enhanced heat transfer structure, and inserting materials with high thermal conductivity in the MCM. Moreover, room-temperature MR applications in the cold-storage device, heat pump and electric vehicle air conditioning are reviewed. Small cooling capacity devices are the primary application targets of room-temperature MR, such as the wine cooler, domestic dehumidifier, and portable personal air conditioning.

Solutions to obstacles in the commercialization of room-temperature magnetic refrigeration

Two GdIII complexes, namely [Gd2(OH)2(oda)2(H2O)4]∞ (1) and {[Gd(fum)(ox)0.5(H2O)2]·2H2O}∞ (2) (H2oda = oxydiacetic acid, H2fum = fumaric acid and H2ox = oxalic acid), have been constructed via hydrothermal reactions. Complex 1 has a one-dimensional (1D) chain structure based on hydroxyl-bridged Gd2O2 cores, while complex 2 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) framework consisting of Gd6 macrocycles, and can also be seen as a 3D layer-pillar structure with intersected channels occupied by guest water. Magnetic studies indicate that weak antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions exist between adjacent GdIII ions in 1 and 2, which display large magnetocaloric effects with −ΔSmaxm = 43.3 and 37.1 J kg−1 K−1 for ΔH = 7 T, respectively. Notably, the maximum entropy changes (−ΔSmaxm) of 1 and 2 reach 29.9 and 28.5 J kg−1 K−1, respectively, at 2 K for a moderate field change (ΔH = 3 T). Therefore, 1 and 2 could be regarded as potential magnetorefrigerants for low-temperature applications.

Two GdIIIcomplexes derived from dicarboxylate ligands as cryogenic magnetorefrigerants

Structure, fluorescence properties and slow magnetic relaxation of Dy2 and Tb4 clusters

Crystal structure, fluorescence properties, and biological activity of three Butterfly-shaped Ln4 compounds

​Crystal Structure, Fluorescence Properties, And Biological Activity of Three Butterfly-Shaped Ln 4  Compounds

A novel tetranuclear Gd(III)-based cluster showing larger magnetic refrigeration property

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A novel tetranuclear Gd(III)-based cluster showing larger magnetic refrigeration property