Environmental conditions in coastal salt marsh habitats have led to the development of specialist genetic adaptations We evaluated six DNA barcode loci of the 53 species of Poaceae and 15 species of Chenopodiaceae from China's coastal salt marsh area and inland area Our results indicate that the optimum DNA barcode was ITS for coastal salt-tolerant Poaceae and matK for the Chenopodiaceae Sampling strategies for ten common species of Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae were analyzed according to optimum barcode We found that by increasing the number of samples collected from the coastal salt marsh area on the basis of inland samples, the number of haplotypes of Arundinella hirta, Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica, Setaria viridis, and Chenopodium glaucum increased, with a principal coordinate plot clearly showing increased distribution points The results of a Mann-Whitney test showed that for Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica, and Setaria viridis, the distribution of intraspecific genetic distances was significantly different when samples from the coastal salt marsh area were included (P < 001) These results suggest that increasing the sample size in specialist habitats can improve measurements of intraspecific genetic diversity, and will have a positive effect on the application of the DNA barcodes in widely distributed species The results of random sampling showed that when sample size reached 11 for Chloris virgata, Chenopodium glaucum, and Dysphania ambrosioides, 13 for Setaria viridis, and 15 for Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica and Chenopodium album, average intraspecific distance tended to reach stability These results indicate that the sample size for DNA barcode of globally distributed species should be increased to 11-15

/pdf/evaluating-sampling-strategy-for-dna-barcoding-study-of-50yu7424ca.pdf

Evaluating sampling strategy for DNA barcoding study of coastal and inland halo-tolerant Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae: A case study for increased sample size.

The obligate pollination mutualism between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and pollinator wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) is a classic example of cospeciation. However, examples of phylogenetic incongruencies between figs and their pollinators suggest that pollinators may speciate by host shifting. To investigate the mechanism of speciation by host shifting, we examined the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures of six closely related fig species and their pollinators from southern China and Taiwan-Ryukyu islands using various molecular markers. The results revealed 1) an extraordinary case of pollinator sharing, in which five distinct fig species share a single pollinator species in southern China; 2) two types of copollination, namely, sympatric copollination by pollinator duplication or pollinator migration, and allopatric copollination by host migration and new pollinator acquisition; 3) fig species from southern China have colonized Taiwan repeatedly and one of these events has been followed by host shifting, reestablishment of host specificity, and pollinator speciation, in order. Based on our results, we propose a model for pollinator speciation by host shifting in which the reestablishment of host-specificity plays a central role in the speciation process. These findings provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying pollinator speciation and host specificity in obligate pollination mutualism. 

/pdf/pollinator-sharing-copollination-and-speciation-by-host-355o8l90.pdf

Pollinator sharing, copollination, and speciation by host shifting among six closely related dioecious fig species

Mountains play an important role in the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystem and are one of the most sensitive ecosystems to climate change. However, our current knowledge regarding the physiological responses of alpine plants to environmental changes remains limited due to the severe climatic conditions prevailing in these high-altitude regions. Therefore, this study quantified the variations in photosynthetic rates (An) and identified their driving factors of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees along an elevation gradient (2200 m asl to 3200 m asl) on Mount Gongga. Elevation emerged as a significant determinant of An, with a general increase observed, albeit followed by a decline above 3000 m asl. In high-altitude regions, trees displayed more significant fluctuations in An compared to herbaceous plants and shrubs. The lower levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (eCO2) and temperature in high-altitude regions resulted in a 16 % increase in An for herbaceous plants, 60 % increase for shrubs, and 43 % increase for trees compared to the low-altitude areas. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses underscored the considerable impact of environmental factors on An. Notably, photosynthetically active radiation, eCO2, and stomatal conductance were identified as positive influencers, while other factors exerted negative effects. Our results further highlighted that trees were subject to greater constraints from multiple factors compared to herbs and shrubs, aligning with the outcomes of our variance analysis. In summary, our study presents a comprehensive assessment of vegetation responses to environmental factors along elevational gradients. The significance of An in plants at high altitude to external factors suggests the potential adaptability of alpine plants, and also indicates that changes in photosynthetic physiological functions at high altitude should be paid more attention to in the study of climate change. 

Characteristics of photosynthetic rates in different vegetation types at high-altitude in mountainous regions.

Phylogenetic reconstruction of Ficus subg. Synoecia and its allies (Moraceae), with implications on the origin of the climbing habit

Abstract Background In brood site pollination mutualisms, pollinators are attracted by odours emitted at anthesis. In Ficus , odours of receptive figs differ among species and the specific pollinators generally only enter figs of their host species ensuring a pre-zygotic barrier to plant interspecific hybridisation. However, field observations recorded that, in Guangdong province in China, Valisia javana hilli , the local pollinator of F . hirta , entered and reproduced successfully in the figs of the closely related F. triloba on a regular basis. We propose that closely related Ficus species produce similar receptive fig odours. Under particular contexts of odours locally present, the receptive fig odours of non-host figs of a Ficus species may become attractive to pollinators of closely related Ficus species. We used the headspace technique to collect in situ receptive fig odours of F . triloba in a series of locations in China. Under controlled conditions, we tested the attraction of fig pollinating wasps from F. hirta and F. triloba to host figs and non-host figs in Y tube experiments. Results Receptive fig odours of F. triloba though different from those of F. hirta , were mainly composed of a same set of volatile organic compounds. When given the choice between receptive fig odours and air, the pollinating wasps were only attracted by their host’s odours. However, when given a choice between host and non-host figs the pollinators of F. hirta were equally attracted by the two odours while the pollinators of F. triloba tended to be more attracted by their host’s fig odours. Conclusions Receptive fig odours vary geographically within species and the differentiation of receptive fig odours between closely related Ficus species is often incomplete. This allows localised or occasional pollinator sharing following different modalities. Cross stimulation when wasps are exposed simultaneously to odours of host and non-host species may be important. While occasional pollinator sharing may play a marginal role when wasp populations are robust, it may ensure the provisioning of new pollinators from the closest relative of a Ficus species if its pollinators go extinct. 

/pdf/overlaps-in-olfactive-signalling-coupled-with-geographic-3f229ohw.pdf

Overlaps in olfactive signalling coupled with geographic variation may result in localised pollinator sharing between closely related Ficus species

To date, there have been few studies of the functional traits of the dioecious Hippophae tibetana Schlecht leaves, either male or female, in response to ecological factors such as altitude. Elucidating these relationships will establish an important scientific basis for vegetation restoration and reconstruction of the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem. The natural populations of H. tibetana, distributed across three field sites, at 2868 m, 3012 m and 3244 m, in Tianzhu, Gansu, were studied by field survey sampling and laboratory analysis. In particular, the adaptions of leaf functional traits to elevation in these dioecious plants were analyzed. The results show that: (1) there is no “midday depression” of photosynthetic activity in either male or female plants. Over a one-day period, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of H. tibetana female plants were higher than those of male plants (p < 0.05). This correlated to the period of vigorous fruit growth in the female plant. The measured Pn and Tr were maximal at the intermediate altitude (3012 m). The light compensation point (LCP) of the leaves of male and female plants were 57.6 and 43.2 μmol·m−2·s−1, respectively, and the light saturation points (LSP) of the leaves were 1857.6 and 1596.8 μmol·m−2·s−1. (2) Altitude had a significant effect on plant and leaf functional traits of male and female H. tibetana (p < 0.05), and no significant difference was noted between plants at the same altitude. The values for leaf area (LA), specific leaf weight (LMA), leaf phosphorus content per unit mass (Pmass) and leaf phosphorus content per unit area (Parea) were also maximal at the intermediate altitude. Leaf nitrogen content per unit area (Narea) and leaf nitrogen content per unit mass (Nmass) increased with altitude. This indicated that the functional traits of male and female plants and leaves of H. tibetana showed a strong “trade-off relationship” with altitude. (3) Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations among functional traits of H. tibetana leaves. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil water content (SWC), altitude (Alt) and soil organic carbon (SOC) had significant effects on the functional traits of H. tibetana leaves (p < 0.05).

/pdf/functional-traits-of-male-and-female-leaves-of-hippophae-2vnqmqdw.pdf

Functional Traits of Male and Female Leaves of Hippophae tibetana on the Eastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau and Their Altitudinal Variability

The hairy-fig complex of Ficus sect. Eriosycea (Moraceae) includes F. hirta , F. esquiroliana , F. simplicissima and a Chinese entity misidentified as F. fulva . These species are difficult to delimit because of the continuously varying morphological characteristics. In order to re-evaluate the status of these taxa, herbarium specimens were extensively examined and 118 samples of the complex were selected for anatomical and molecular analysis. ITS, ETS and trnH-psbA were applied for constructing phylogenetic trees and fluorescently labeled microsatellite primers were screened for cluster analysis. The results showed that all the four species show continuously variable morphological characters and make up one well supported clade on the phylogenetic trees, and that this similar genetic background was confirmed by the cluster analysis. In conclusion, all the four taxa of the hairy-fig complex recorded in China should be combined as one species F. simplicissima , with two varieties: var. simplicissima and var. roxburghii (Miquel) Hong-Qing Li & Jing Lu.

Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomic Delimitation of the “Hairy-Fig” Complex of Ficus sect. Eriosycea (Moraceae) in China

Ficus (Moraceae) is a keystone group in tropical and subtropical forests with remarkable diversity of species and taxonomical challenges as a consequence of fig–pollinator coevolution. Ficus subsect. Frutescentiae includes about 30 species that are predominantly shrubs or small trees with Terminalia branching. Many of these species are difficult to delimit morphologically, and the group includes a tangle of uncertain taxa and incorrectly applied names. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis with internal and external transcribed spacer data (ITS and ETS) and data from 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci to evaluate the species status of the most perplexing members of this subsection. The results confirm the monophyly of subsect. Frutescentiae, with F. pedunculosa as sister to the rest. The F. erecta complex comprises approximately 17 taxa: F. erecta, F. abelii, F. boninsimae, F. nishimurae, F. iidaiana, F. gasparriniana var. laceratifolia, F. gasparriniana var. viridescens, F. pyriformis, F. stenophylla, F. fusuiensis, F. fengkaiensis, F. sinociliata, F. tannoensis, F. vaccinioides, F. formosana, F. pandurata, and F. periptera. The last five of these were supported as good species, while the others were not well supported by the present evidence. Evidence also supported the status of the non-F. erecta complex species including. F. pedunculosa, F. ischnopoda, F. heteromorpha, and F. variolosa. Ficus filicauda and F. neriifolia are possibly conspecific. The species status of F. potingensis should be restored and it should be treated as a member of section Eriosycea. Identification of the remaining taxa (F. gasparriniana var. esquirolii, F. ruyuanensis, F. daimingshanensis, F. chapaensis, F. changii, F. trivia, and F. tuphapensis) and their relationships to the F. erecta complex were not clarified. As a whole, only ten species in this subsection are confirmed, one is excluded, one is synonymous, and the others are either unresolved or short of samples. There appears to be a consistent genetic background among these unresolved groups, which suggests that repeated hybridization (as a result of pollinator host shifts) has filled up the interspecific gaps during the fig–pollinator coevolution process.

Molecular analyses of Ficus erecta and its allies within the subsection Frutescentiae (Moraceae)

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Papers

Functional Traits of Male and Female Leaves of Hippophae tibetana on the Eastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau and Their Altitudinal Variability

Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomic Delimitation of the “Hairy-Fig” Complex of Ficus sect. Eriosycea (Moraceae) in China

Molecular analyses of Ficus erecta and its allies within the subsection Frutescentiae (Moraceae)