Current status and environment impact of direct straw return in China's cropland - A review.

Negative emissions technologies (NETs) in general and bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) in particular are commonly regarded as vital yet controversial to meeting our climate goals. In this contribution we present a whole-systems analysis of the BECCS value chain associated with cultivation, harvesting, transport and conversion in dedicated biomass power stations in conjunction with CCS, of a range of biomass resources – both dedicated energy crops (miscanthus, switchgrass, short rotation coppice willow), and agricultural residues (wheat straw). We explicitly consider the implications of sourcing the biomass from different regions, climates and land types. The water, carbon and energy footprints of each value chain were calculated, and their impact on the overall system water, carbon and power efficiencies was evaluated. An extensive literature review was performed and a statistical analysis of the available data is presented. In order to describe the dynamic greenhouse gas balance of such a system, a yearly accounting of the emissions was performed over the lifetime of a BECCS facility, and the carbon “breakeven time” and lifetime net CO2 removal from the atmosphere were determined. The effects of direct and indirect land use change were included, and were found to be a key determinant of the viability of a BECCS project. Overall we conclude that, depending on the conditions of its deployment, BECCS could lead to both carbon positive and negative results. The total quantity of CO2 removed from the atmosphere over the project lifetime and the carbon breakeven time were observed to be highly case specific. This has profound implications for the policy frameworks required to incentivise and regulate the widespread deployment of BECCS technology. The results of a sensitivity analysis on the model combined with the investigation of alternate supply chain scenarios elucidated key levers to improve the sustainability of BECCS: (1) measuring and limiting the impacts of direct and indirect land use change, (2) using carbon neutral power and organic fertilizer, (3) minimising biomass transport, and prioritising sea over road transport, (4) maximising the use of carbon negative fuels, and (5) exploiting alternative biomass processing options, e.g., natural drying or torrefaction. A key conclusion is that, regardless of the biomass and region studied, the sustainability of BECCS relies heavily on intelligent management of the supply chain.

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Can BECCS Deliver Sustainable and Resource-efficient Negative Emissions?

For safe disposal and environmentally benign recycling, lignocellulosic biomass wastes are increasingly studied for use as precursors for the preparation of value-added porous carbon materials. However, conventional chemical vapor deposition is time consuming and difficult to perform on a large scale. Herein, we obtained nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (NPCMs) with high supercapacitor performance by one-pot copyrolysis of a carbon precursor (wheat straw), nitrogen precursor (melamine), and salt templating (mixed salt of KCl/ZnCl2 at 51:49). The NPCM with 7.78% nitrogen content exhibited an excellent gravimetric capacitance of 223.9 F g–1, which is mainly attributed to the increase in surface area by the activation of salt templating and the decrease in ion-transport resistance by N doping of the NPCM. The removal of silicon in pyrolysis products efficiently enhanced the capacitance of materials, but there was a negative effect on capacitance if the silicon was removed from feedstocks before pyrolys...

Preparation of N-Doped Supercapacitor Materials by Integrated Salt Templating and Silicon Hard Templating by Pyrolysis of Biomass Wastes

Reducing emission of greenhouse gases and improving energy security are crucial for sustainable development in China. Crop straw, accounting for 38.9% of total biomass resources, is considered an ideal candidate for clean energy production Zhang et al. 1. In this paper, we evaluate the production and distribution of food crop straw in China using a refined crop-to-residue index and collection coefficient methods. This study showed that an estimated 489 million tons of food crop straw was produced in China in 2006, with an estimated 598 million tons produced in 2014. Approximately 59.3% of this straw was produced in central and eastern China. Furthermore, high, middle, and low production areas were classified in this study. The amount of collectable straw increased from 2006 to 2013 and slightly decreased in 2014 to 472 million tons. Based on this estimate, future trends in the amount of food crop straw are proposed. The total straw yield will continuously increase at a small rate, whereas the amount of collectable straw will remain relatively stable due to the development of agricultural mechanization.

Evaluation on the Production of Food Crop Straw in China from 2006 to 2014

Maize yield and quality in response to plant density and application of a novel plant growth regulator

Wheat straw is a potential cellulosic feedstock for bioethanol. This study was conducted to evaluate straw yield potential and its relationship with grain yield for wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in the United States. The specific objective was to determine if differences in straw yield and harvest index (HI) exist between and within regions and/or wheat classes. Using on-going variety performance trials in eight states, a total of 255 varietal trial entriess from five classes of wheat were surveyed for above-ground biomass. Averaged over all wheat classes and regions the HI was 0.45. Soft red winter wheat in Kentucky had, on average, the highest HI and lowest straw yield among regions and wheat classes. Soft white winter wheat under irrigation in the Pacific Northwest produced the highest straw yield. Hard red winter wheat in the southern plain states of Texas and Oklahoma had, on average, the lowest HI. Differences in the amount of precipitation and cultivars were the major contributors to the variation detected within wheat classes. The amount of wheat straw available as cellulosic feedstock in a state or wheat class can be estimated using the grain yield estimates provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service and the class specific HI.

/pdf/harvest-index-and-straw-yield-of-five-classes-of-wheat-3slo373wyq.pdf

Harvest index and straw yield of five classes of wheat

Lodging can be a limiting factor of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) production. The main objective of this study was to determine the optimum timing and rate of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) to improve straw strength, resistance to lodging, and related agronomic responses ofHRSW. Field experiments arranged in randomized complete blocks were conducted from 2004 to 2006 in Crookston, MN. Five TE rates (0, 62.5, 93.75, 125.0, and 250.0 g a.i. ha -1 ) and one ethephon rate (280.2 g a.i. ha -1 ) were applied at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 30, 32, or 37. Measurements included crop injury, plant height, lodging, straw strength, acid detergent lignin (ADL) content, plant maturity, plant density, and yield. Increasing TE rates linearly decreased plant height and increased lodging resistance, straw strength, and ADL content. Lodging resistance was negatively correlated with plant height and positively associated with straw strength and ADL content. The TE rate of 125 g a.i. ha -1 decreased plant height by approximately 6%, and increased plant erectness by 9% and straw strength by 13%, without causing crop injury, delaying maturity, or affecting yield. Applications of TE at GS 37 resulted in less crop injury, shorter stand, and more erect plants than those at GS 30 or 32. These data suggest that the optimum application rate and timing of TE may be 125.0 g a.i. ha -1 at GS 37 for HRSW.

Optimum Timing and Rate of Trinexapac-ethyl to Reduce Lodging in Spring Wheat

Performance of hard red spring wheat cultivar mixtures

Film mulching alters soil properties and increases Cd uptake in Sedum alfredii Hance-oil crop rotation systems.

Successful control of wild oat in cereal crops requires an accurate prediction of the developmental stages of wild oat plants that emerged during the growing season. The main objective of this research was to evaluate wild oat growth and to predict the phyllochron of wild oat plants that emerge at various times in the Red River Valley region of Minnesota and North Dakota. Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in Crookston, MN, and Fargo, ND. Four emergence cohorts were established in 4 successive wk. Research plots were arranged in randomized complete blocks with six replications. From the naturally emerged wild oat population, 10 randomly selected plants per plot were evaluated for plant height, leaves on main stem, tillers per plant, total leaves per plant, days to flag leaf emergence and to heading, biomass per plant, and seeds per plant. Haun's numerical cereal development scale was regressed on days after emergence (DAE), day length (DL), growing degree days (GDD), or phototherma...

Influence of Time of Emergence on the Growth and Development of Wild Oat (Avena fatua)

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