Analytical methods and biological activities of Panax notoginseng saponins: Recent trends

The biological process and molecular functions involved in the cancer progression remain difficult to understand for biologists and clinical doctors. Recent developments in high-throughput technologies urge the systems biology to achieve more precise models for complex diseases. Computational and mathematical models are gradually being used to help us understand the omics data produced by high-throughput experimental techniques. The use of computational models in systems biology allows us to explore the pathogenesis of complex diseases, improve our understanding of the latent molecular mechanisms, and promote treatment strategy optimization and new drug discovery. Currently, it is urgent to bridge the gap between the developments of high-throughput technologies and systemic modeling of the biological process in cancer research. In this review, we firstly studied several typical mathematical modeling approaches of biological systems in different scales and deeply analyzed their characteristics, advantages, applications, and limitations. Next, three potential research directions in systems modeling were summarized. To conclude, this review provides an update of important solutions using computational modeling approaches in systems biology.

/pdf/mathematical-and-computational-modeling-in-complex-3go7zyodhl.pdf

Mathematical and Computational Modeling in Complex Biological Systems

Identifying the molecular targets for the beneficial effects of active small-molecule compounds simultaneously is an important and currently unmet challenge. In this study, we firstly proposed network analysis by integrating data from network pharmacology and metabolomics to identify targets of active components in sini decoction (SND) simultaneously against heart failure. To begin with, 48 potential active components in SND against heart failure were predicted by serum pharmacochemistry, text mining and similarity match. Then, we employed network pharmacology including text mining and molecular docking to identify the potential targets of these components. The key enriched processes, pathways and related diseases of these target proteins were analyzed by STRING database. At last, network analysis was conducted to identify most possible targets of components in SND. Among the 25 targets predicted by network analysis, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was firstly experimentally validated in molecular and cellular level. Results indicated that hypaconitine, mesaconitine, higenamine and quercetin in SND can directly bind to TNF-α, reduce the TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity on L929 cells and exert anti-myocardial cell apoptosis effects. We envisage that network analysis will also be useful in target identification of a bioactive compound.

Drug target identification using network analysis: Taking active components in Sini decoction as an example.

Adverse drug reactions occur frequently and can trigger pseudoallergy, which has become a serious threat to public health. Pseudoallergy is a typical non-immune anaphylactic reaction characterized by the independence of antigen-specific immune responses. In the clinic, pseudoallergy is often elicited by the first dose of medication, and here lies its unpredictability and occasional lethal outcome. However, the mechanisms of pseudoallergy are not well understood. This review focusses on the causes and mechanisms of pseudoallergy induced by drugs. Two categories of mechanisms will be considered, namely, (1) complement activation-related pseudoallergy and (2) mast cell activation-related pseudoallergy. The factors that induce pseudoallergy include opioid drugs, complement activation-related pseudoallergenic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and traditional Chinese medicine injections.

/pdf/drug-induced-pseudoallergy-a-review-of-the-causes-and-4a4wateq0p.pdf

Drug-Induced Pseudoallergy: A Review of the Causes and Mechanisms.

Ginsenosides, a group of tetracyclic saponins, accounts for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance of the ginseng (Panax sp.) herb. Owing to the associated therapeutic potential of ginsenosides, their demand has been increased significantly in the last two decades. However, a slow growth cycle, low seed production, and long generation time of ginseng have created a gap between the demand and supply of ginsenosides. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides involves an intricate network of pathways with multiple oxidation and glycosylation reactions. However, the exact functions of some of the associated genes/proteins are still not completely deciphered. Moreover, ginsenoside estimation and extraction using analytical techniques are not feasible with high efficiency. The present review is a step forward in recapitulating the comprehensive aspects of ginsenosides including their distribution, structural diversity, biotransformation, and functional attributes in both plants and animals including humans. Moreover, ginsenoside biosynthesis in the potential plant sources and their metabolism in the human body along with major regulators and stimulators affecting ginsenoside biosynthesis have also been discussed. Furthermore, this review consolidates biotechnological interventions to enhance the biosynthesis of ginsenosides in their potential sources and advancements in the development of synthetic biosystems for efficient ginsenoside biosynthesis to meet their rising industrial demands.

Phytochemistry of ginsenosides: Recent advancements and emerging roles.

Integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics of anaphylactoid reaction induced by Xuesaitong injection

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer which has been cultivated and grown naturally in mountainous forests is formally called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS), but when cultivated it is called garden ginseng (GG), according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition). The medicinal value of LXSS is significantly higher than that of GG based on the clinical experience of TCM. This study aimed to evaluate the variety of chemical constituents in LXSS and GG. Methods: 18 LXSS and 6 GG samples were investigated using a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique. Results: the contents of 16 metabolites, mainly involved in the biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rg3, -Rh1, -Rh2), galactose metabolism (myo-inositol), the citric cycle (citric acid and succinic acid), GABA shunt (GABA) and amino metabolism (alanine and aspartic acid), were higher in LXSS than in GG; while 14 metabolites, mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism (fructose and sucrose), amino metabolism (tryptophan, proline, dencichine and pyroglutamic acid) and campesterol biosynthesis (campesterol), were lower in LXSS than in GG. For LXSS with different growing years, 5 metabolites showed a tendency to increase dependent on the number of years, and these were related mainly to galactose metabolism (melibiose), the citric cycle (malic acid), fatty acid metabolism (2-hydroxy stearic acid); while 5 metabolites showed a tendency to decrease on ascending the grades, and these were related to sucrose metabolism (fructose and sucrose), fatty acid metabolism (2-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid) and campesterol biosynthesis (campesterol). Conclusion: this proposed analytical method coupled with multivariate analysis is fast, accurate, and reliable for discriminating GG and high cultivation ages of LXSS samples.

/pdf/metabolomics-analysis-based-on-a-uplc-q-tof-ms-metabolomics-1gn32kpix1.pdf

Metabolomics analysis based on a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics approach to compare Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen and garden ginseng

The invention discloses a preparation method of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae levan for improving the gastrointestinal function. The preparation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: taking rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, removing impurities, crushing, sieving the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae through a 10 to 100-mesh sieve, adding water with the amount being 5 to 15 times that of the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, so as to boil the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, extracting for 1 to 3 times, 1-6 hours each time, filtering, combining filtrate, concentrating the amount of the filtrate to be 0.5 to 3 times that of crude drug, adding 95 percent edible alcohol, adjusting the alcoholic strength to be 50 to 80 percent, stirring while adding the edible alcohol, leaving to stand for 5 to 48 hours at 4 to 20 DEG C, taking sediment, and performing freeze drying, decompressed drying, spray drying or hot air drying on the sediment, so as to obtain the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae levan. The invention aims at establishing a method for extracting high-purity and high-contcent rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae polysaccharide, in which levan is the main constituent, from the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae through a method simple and convenient to apply, overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art, reduces the production cost, and improves the extraction effect, thereby being more applicable to the industrial production.

Preparation method of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae levan for improving gastrointestinal function

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Papers

Integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics of anaphylactoid reaction induced by Xuesaitong injection

Metabolomics analysis based on a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics approach to compare Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen and garden ginseng

Preparation method of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae levan for improving gastrointestinal function