Hydrogen is an environmental-friendly and renewable energy source and an important form of energy storage. The development and utilization of hydrogen energy can not only solve two major problems of energy scarcity and environmental pollution caused by the massive use of fossil fuels, but also help to optimize the energy structure from non-renewable source to clean and renewable source of energy. Among those hydrogen production technologies, aqueous phase reforming of biomass derivatives is an attractive way for the effective generation of hydrogen and fine utilization of biomass, which is a high-value and less polluted resource. Aqueous phase reforming of biomass derivatives with wide range of sources and high hydrogen content enjoy high yield of hydrogen and relatively mild reaction conditions. In this paper, a detailed summary of hydrogen production by aqueous phase reforming of different sources is provided. The research progress in hydrogen production by aqueous phase reforming of biomass derivatives in recent years is reviewed and discussed, and the catalytic reaction mechanisms and the effect of catalyst properties are summarized and presented. The current challenges and future developments in this research area are briefly prospected as well. 

Advances in hydrogen production by aqueous phase reforming of biomass oxygenated derivatives

Fuel cell systems typically use a hydrogen supply cycle system to circulate and transport unreacted hydrogen to the anode to maximize the fuel cell's fuel efficiency and fuel consumption. Currently, ejectors are becoming increasingly popular as a core component of fuel cell engine systems. Using ejectors as a hydrogen circulation system, it is worthwhile to summarize the current state of research on experiments and controls. The structure and operation of the ejector are first reviewed in this essay. The classification process for the ejector, which is the central part of the hydrogen cycle system, and the associated performance indices are outlined. After that, the existing experimental research progress related to the ejector is compared and analyzed, and the evolution of control strategies and methods related to the hydrogen circulation system and their respective characteristics are reviewed and explained. Finally, using bibliometrics, the most recent research breakthroughs and hotspots are assessed, and existing difficulties and future potential are highlighted. This study provides useful basic concepts and recommendations for the application of hydrogen ejectors in the hydrogen cycle system of fuel cell engines. 

The experiment and the control of hydrogen circulation of fuel cell based on of fuel ejector: A review

The post-harvest disposal of soil remediation plants (SRPs) needs to be eco-friendly for remediation techniques to be sustainable. Incorporating Al/Si-based materials as additives may prove to be an effective method for stabilizing heavy metals during the pyrolysis of Zn/Cd-enriched SRPs. Based on the coupling of thermogravimetry − Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry − mass spectrometry − two-dimensional correlation spectrum analyses (TG-FTIR-MS-2D-COS) and Gaussian modeling, this study aimed to quantify and unveil dynamic, synergistic, and optimal emissions and kinetics of volatile components in response to the co-pyrolysis of Pfaffia glomerata (PG) with kaolin (K) or modified kaolin (KH). The kinetic mechanism of the thermal decomposition stage of volatile components was best accounted for by the diffusion model (100–315 °C) and reaction order model (315–600 °C).The Al-OH group in K enhanced the evolution and emission of CO2, H2O, and CH4. PG mixed with 10 % K (PK91) reduced the average activation energy value of PG from 217.90 to 196.44 kJ/mol. Compared with K, KH demonstrated superior thermal stability and controlled the cleavage of carbonyl, ether, carboxyl, and methyl groups, thus reducing gaseous pollution. Specifically, PG mixed with 20 % KH (PKH82) minimized the mass loss of PG biochar by 112.81 %, while PG mixed with 10 % KH (PKH91) reduced the Ea value of PG to 155.91 kJ/mol. The sequential temperature dependency of volatiles in PG, identified through two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, was altered by both K and KH. Given artificial neural network-based simulations, the simultaneously optimized reduction in total volatile emission and fuel mass was achieved with PKH91 but diminished with the rising temperature. These insights contribute to optimizing energy and controlling air pollution during the co-pyrolysis of SRPs with Al/Si-based materials. 

Dynamic, synergistic, and optimal emissions and kinetics of volatiles during co-pyrolysis of soil remediation plants with kaolin/modified kaolin

The large waste potential of biomass, which is used extensively industrially, is a problem that needs to be solved both environmentally and economically. In this context, the conversion of these wastes into valuable solid products by thermochemical conversion processes is considered a very important alternative. In this study, it was aimed to examine the pyrolytic behavior of Aloe vera leaf waste, determine the pyrolysis kinetic parameters and characterize the biochar obtained as a result of pyrolysis at different temperatures. The pyrolytic behavior of this waste at temperatures between 25 and 600 °C and heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 °C min−1 were investigated by thermogravimetric method. The pyrolysis kinetic parameters of these wastes were calculated using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunosa (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods. According to the results obtained, the pyrolysis of Aloe vera waste took place in 3 stages (moisture removal, devolatilization and char formation) and approximately 65% of the mass was removed from the structure. The activation energy values calculated by KAS and FWO methods for the devolatilization and char formation stages were found to be approximately 185 kJ mol−1 and 335 kJ mol−1, respectively. According to the kinetic and characterization results obtained, it has been understood that Aloe vera leaf wastes are a very suitable source for biochar production and biochar obtained can be evaluated in different areas such as adsorption, agriculture and combustion. 

Pyrolysis of Aloe vera leaf wastes for biochar production: Kinetics and thermodynamics analysis

Hydrogen stands out as a highly promising clean fuel for the future, owing to its high energy density and zero carbon emissions during its utilization. Biomass, as a renewable energy source with zero carbon emissions, has the potential to replace traditional fossil fuels for hydrogen production, addressing environmental issues associated with burning fossil fuels. Among the various biomass fuel production techniques, steam reforming of biomass-based feedstocks efficiently produces hydrogen-containing gas. Nonetheless, this process does suffer from low gas calorific value and elevated CO2 content. Consequently, a combination of sorption-enhanced and steam reforming technologies becomes crucial to maximize the use of biomass feedstocks for the production of hydrogen while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper provides an overview of recent research advancements in the sorption-enhanced steam reforming of biomass-derived feedstocks. The effects of raw materials, temperature, and steam ratio on CO2 and H2 yields within the product gas are described in detail. The paper also provides a specific discourse on the adsorbents and catalysts currently employed in the application of sorption-enhanced technology, particularly emphasizing bifunctional materials possessing both adsorptive and catalytic properties, as they are considered more promising. Furthermore, this paper offers forward-looking perspectives to guide efficient hydrogen production from biomass while reducing carbon emissions. It emphasizes the ongoing need for further advancements in the synthesis of bifunctional materials, characterized by higher adsorption capacity and long-term stability, for their use in sorption-enhanced hydrogen production from biomass-based feedstocks. 

Sorption enhanced steam reforming of biomass-based feedstocks: Towards sustainable hydrogen evolution

The non-isothermal kinetics and pyrolysis characteristics of biomass waste including camphor wood (CW), pure glycerol (PG) and a blend (1:1 mass ratio) (PG-CW) were studied by coupling TG-MS/DSC techniques. The samples were heated from ambient temperature to 700°C at different heating rates (10, 15, 20 and 25°C/min) in a nitrogen atmosphere. The mass loss during pyrolysis and the evolution of gas products were studied. The improved Coats-Redfern method was used to obtain non-isothermal kinetic parameters for samples pyrolysis, and the activation energies and the pre-exponential factors were estimated iteratively by regression to improve their accuracy. PG had only one main pyrolysis phase, while CW had two main pyrolysis phases. The results showed that adding PG into CW reduced the residue and increased the amount of gas released after co-pyrolysis. The non-isothermal kinetic model based on the improved iterative Coats-Redfern method entirely fitted the pyrolysis phases of CW, PG, and PG-CW. The suitable models for the second, third, and fourth phases of blend were nucleation, nucleation, and one-dimensional diffusion, respectively. Activation energy values for the three phases were 67.47-82.48, 81.13-104.43 and 145.45-204.86 kJ/mol, respectively. The addition of PG promoted the pyrolysis process of CW. 

Non-isothermal kinetics of biomass waste pyrolysis by TG-MS/DSC

Sorption enhanced aqueous phase reforming of biodiesel byproduct glycerol for hydrogen production over Cu-Ni bimetallic catalysts supported on gelatinous MgO

The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration is regarded as the dominant reason for observed warming since the mid-20th century. Based on the Paris Agreement target, this research designs three conceptual pathways to achieve the warming target of 1.5 °C above the pre-industrial level by using the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model. The three different scenarios contain one equilibrium experiment (equilibrium, EQ) and two transient experiments (never-exceed pathway, NE; overshoot pathway, OS). Then, we choose a ten year average that achieves 1.5 °C warming to calculate the climatology of the warming situation. Since OS achieves 1.5 °C twice, we obtain four warming situations to explore the response of ocean temperature. In 2100, the global ocean temperature increases over the global region, except the surface of the Southern Ocean. The difference in heat content mainly depends on the cumulative force of CO2 concentration. It is worth pointing out that during the increase in warming, the ocean surface temperature and heat content start to respond in different hemispheres. The weakening of decadal variability in the North Pacific and North Atlantic is robust in all three scenarios. However, there is a tremendous growth in the low-pass ocean surface temperature standard deviation in the Southern Ocean in EQ, which is different to NE and OS, and causes the increase in global mean total standard deviation. The shortening of decadal variability can only be seen from the EQ power spectrum, while NE and OS have similar power spectra with pre-industrial runs. It suggests that all previous studies that use equilibrium experiments data may have overestimated the shortening of decadal variability under global warming.

/pdf/change-of-global-ocean-temperature-and-decadal-variability-2m04kpmg.pdf

Change of Global Ocean Temperature and Decadal Variability under 1.5 °C Warming in FOAM

Due to the possibility of internal changes of services or changes in their environment, dynamic service substitution has become a key problem in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). In recent years, researchers have worked out several algorithms for dynamic service substitution. However, the performance of these algorithms is generally not that satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a heuristic service substitution algorithm based on Tabu Search. The algorithm models the service substitution problem as searching valid solutions in the Candidate Service Graph (CSG). In the end, the effectiveness and performance of the algorithm are studied by simulations. The simulation results show that the algorithm performs very well in dynamic adaption, especially when the scale of the service substitution problem surges.

/pdf/a-tabu-search-approach-for-dynamic-service-substitution-in-1e6fl6lmsr.pdf

A Tabu Search Approach for Dynamic Service Substitution in SOA Applications

With the rapidly growing number of Web services throughout the Internet, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) enables a multitude of service providers (SP) to provide loosely coupled and inter-operable services at different Quality of Service (QoS) levels. This paper considers the services are published to a QoS-aware registry. The structure of composite service is described as a Service Orchestration that allows atomic services to be brought together into one business process; This paper considers the problem of finding a set of substitution atomic services to make the Service Orchestration re-satisfies the given multi-QoS constraints when one QoS metric went unsatisfied at runtime. This paper leverage hypothesis test to detect possible fault atomic services, and propose heuristic algorithms with different level branch cut to determine the Service Orchestration substitutions. Experiments are given to testify the algorithms are effective and efficient, and the probability cut algorithm reaches a cut/search ratio of 137.04% without loss solutions.

/pdf/a-heuristic-approach-with-branch-cut-to-service-substitution-f1zvf0rn5t.pdf

A Heuristic Approach with Branch Cut to Service Substitution in Service

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