Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree species unique to China that has been cultivated and used in China for more than 2,300 years. Most biological research on C. oleifera in recent years has focused on the development of new varieties and breeding. Novel genomic information has been generated for C. oleifera, including a high-quality reference genome at the chromosome level. Camellia seeds are used to process high-quality edible oil; they are also often used in medicine, health foods, and daily chemical products and have shown promise for the treatment and prevention of diseases. C. oleifera by-products, such as camellia seed cake, saponin, and fruit shell are widely used in the daily chemical, dyeing, papermaking, chemical fibre, textile, and pesticide industries. C. oleifera shell can also be used to prepare activated carbon electrodes, which have high electrochemical performance when used as the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries. C. oleifera is an economically valuable plant with diverse uses, and accelerating the utilization of its by-products will greatly enhance its industrial value.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.921246/pdf

Applications of Chinese Camellia oleifera and its By-Products: A Review

Camellia oleifera (Ca. oleifera) is a woody tree species cultivated for the production of edible oil from its seed. The growth and yield of tea-oil trees are severely affected by anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). In this study, the transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to detect the key transcripts and metabolites associated with differences in the susceptibility between anthracnose-resistant (ChangLin150) and susceptible (ChangLin102) varieties of Ca. oleifera. In total, 5001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, of which 479 DEGs were common between the susceptible and resistant varieties and further analyzed. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in tyrosine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, 68 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected, including flavonoids, such as epicatechin, phenethyl caffeate and procyanidin B2. Comparison of the DEGs and DAMs revealed that epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and arachidonic acid (peroxide free) are potentially important. The expression patterns of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were confirmed by qRT-PCR. These results suggested that flavonoid biosynthesis might play an important role in the fight against anthracnose. This study provides valuable molecular information about the response of Ca. oleifera to Co. gloeosporioides infection and will aid the selection of resistant varieties using marker-assisted breeding.

/pdf/integrated-transcriptome-and-metabolome-analysis-reveals-key-rz5p136e.pdf

Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Key Metabolites Involved in Camellia oleifera Defense against Anthracnose

The oil-tea tree (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is a woody tree species that produces edible oil in the seed. C. oleifera oil has high nutritional value and is also an important raw material for medicine and cosmetics. In China, due to the uncertainty on maturity period and oil synthesis mechanism of many C. oleifera cultivars, growers may harvest fruits prematurely, which could not maximize fruit and oil yields. In this study, our objective was to explore the mechanism and differences of oil synthesis between two Camellia oleifera cultivars for a precise definition of the fruit ripening period and the selection of appropriate cultivars. The results showed that ‘Huashuo’ had smaller fruits and seeds, lower dry seed weight and lower expression levels of fatty acid biosynthesis genes in July. We could not detect the presence of oil and oil bodies in ‘Huashuo’ seeds until August, and oil and oil bodies were detected in ‘Huajin’ seeds in July. Moreover, ‘Huashuo’ seeds were not completely blackened in October with up to 60.38% of water and approximately 37.98% of oil in seed kernels whose oil content was much lower than normal mature seed kernels. The oil bodies in seed endosperm cells of ‘Huajin’ were always higher than those of ‘Huashuo’ from July to October. Our results confirmed that C. oleifera ‘Huashuo’ fruits matured at a lower rate compared to ‘Huajin’ fruits and that ‘Huajin’ seeds entered the oil synthesis period earlier than ‘Huashuo’ seeds. Moreover, ‘Huashuo’ fruits did not mature during the Frost’s Descent period (October 23–24 each year).

/pdf/comparative-study-on-fruit-development-and-oil-synthesis-in-pglxn1lrv0.pdf

Comparative study on fruit development and oil synthesis in two cultivars of Camellia oleifera.

Hydrogen cyanamide enhances flowering time in tea oil camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.)

Development of a protoplast isolation system for functional gene expression and characterization using petals of Camellia Oleifera.

Oil-tea tree (Camellia oleifera) is the most important edible oil tree species in China with late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI) properties. The mechanism of LSI is uncertain, which seriously hinders the research on its genetic characteristics, construction of genetic map, selection of cross breeding parents and cultivar arrangement. To gain insights into the LSI mechanism, we performed cytological, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies on self- and cross-pollinated pistils. The studies identified 166,591 transcripts, 6851 proteins and 6455 metabolites. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1197 differentially expressed transcripts between self- and cross-pollinated pistils and 47 programmed cell death (PCD)-control transcripts. Trend analysis by Pearson correlation categorized nine trend graphs linked to 226 differentially expressed proteins and 38 differentially expressed metabolites. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the LSI was closely associated with PCD-related genes, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. These particular trends in transcripts, proteins and metabolites suggested the involvement of PCD in LSI. The results provide a solid genetic foundation for elucidating the regulatory network of PCD-mediated self-incompatibility in C. oleifera.

In-depth Understanding of Camellia oleifera Self-incompatibility by Comparative Transcriptome, Proteome and Metabolome.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone involved in a series of growth, development, and stress responses in plants Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is the core regulatory gene in the process of SA-mediated SAR Whether NPR1 is involved in pollen tube growth mediated by SA and its derivative MeSA (methyl salicylate) remains to be explored Here we found that the contents of endogenous SA and MeSA in self- or cross-pollinated pistils changed significantly, and exogenous SA and MeSA significantly promoted pollen germination and pollen tube elongation of Camellia oleifera at lower concentrations CoNPR1, CoNPR31, CoNPR32, and CoNPR5 were identified, and they were all located in the nucleus A high level of consistency was observed across the phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and functional domains, indicating a clear division of function, as observed in other species The expression level of CoNPR1, CoNPR31, CoNPR32, and CoNPR5 in self- and cross-pollinated pistil had certain regularity Furthermore, they exhibited tissue specific expression pattern CoNPR1 and CoNPR31 were expressed in pollen tubes, whose expression was regulated by SA or MeSA, and their expression patterns were basically consistent with the trend of pollen germination These results indicate that SA and MeSA are involved in the pollen tube growth of C oleifera, and CoNPRs may play an important role therein This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved

CoNPR1 and CoNPR3.1 are involved in SA- and MeSA- mediated growth of the pollen tube in Camellia oleifera.

Phosphate (Pi) transporters in plants mediate phosphorus (P) acquisition, translocation and recycling. In this study, a putative high-affinity Pi transporter gene (CoPht1;3, GenBank KF989483.1) was...

Isolation and functional characterisation of the PHT1 gene encoding a high-affinity phosphate transporter in Camellia oleifera

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In-depth Understanding of Camellia oleifera Self-incompatibility by Comparative Transcriptome, Proteome and Metabolome.

CoNPR1 and CoNPR3.1 are involved in SA- and MeSA- mediated growth of the pollen tube in Camellia oleifera.

Isolation and functional characterisation of the PHT1 gene encoding a high-affinity phosphate transporter in Camellia oleifera