Heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs) are a metallochaperone-like protein family comprising a combination of structural features unique to vascular plants. HIPPs possess both one or two heavy metal-binding domains and an isoprenylation site, facilitating a posttranslational protein lipid modification. Recent work has characterized individual HIPPs across numerous different species and provided evidence for varied functionalities. Interestingly, a significant number of HIPPs have been identified in proteomes of plasmodesmata (PD)—nanochannels mediating symplastic connectivity within plant tissues that play pivotal roles in intercellular communication during plant development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress. As characterized functions of many HIPPs are linked to stress responses, plasmodesmal HIPP proteins are potentially interesting candidate components of signaling events at or for the regulation of PD. Here, we review what is known about PD-localized HIPP proteins specifically, and how the structure and function of HIPPs more generally could link to known properties and regulation of PD. 

Heavy Metal-Associated Isoprenylated Plant Proteins (HIPPs) at Plasmodesmata: Exploring the Link between Localization and Function

Multicellularity has emerged multiple times in evolution, enabling groups of cells to share a living space and reducing the burden of solitary tasks. While unicellular organisms exhibit individuality and independence, cooperation among cells in multicellular organisms brings specialization and flexibility. However, multicellularity also necessitates intercellular dependence and relies on intercellular communication. In plants, this communication is facilitated by plasmodesmata: intercellular bridges that allow the direct (cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm) transfer of information between cells. Plasmodesmata transport essential molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. They are embedded in the extracellular matrix but exhibit flexibility, adapting intercellular flux to meet the plant's needs. In this review, we delve into the formation and functionality of plasmodesmata and examine the capacity of the plant communication network to respond to developmental and environmental cues. We illustrate how environmental pressure shapes cellular interactions and aids the plant in adapting its growth. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 75 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates. 

Plasmodesmata: Channels Under Pressure.

Homeodomain (HD) proteins regulate embryogenesis in animals such as the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), often in a concentration-dependent manner. HD-leucine zipper (Zip) IV family genes are unique to plants and often function in the L1 epidermal cell layer. However, our understanding of the roles of HD-Zip IV family genes in plant morphogenesis is limited. In this study, we investigated the morphogenesis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) multicellular trichomes, a type of micro-organ in plants. We found that a gradient of the HD-Zip IV regulator Woolly (Wo) coordinates spatially polarized cell division and cell expansion in multicellular trichomes. Moreover, we identified a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN BINDING FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor-encoding gene, SlBRANCHED2a (SlBRC2a), as a key downstream target of Wo that regulates the transition from cell division to cell expansion. High levels of Wo promote cell division in apical trichome cells, whereas in basal trichome cells, Wo mediates a negative feedback loop with SlBRC2a that forces basal cells to enter endoreduplication. The restricted high and low activities of Wo patterns the morphogenesis of tomato multicellular trichomes. These findings provide insights into the functions of HD-Zip IV genes during plant morphogenesis.

A gradient of the HD-Zip regulator Woolly regulates multicellular trichome morphogenesis in tomato.

In the field of modern plant research and agricultural economics, fruits hold a prominent position, mainly because of their nutritional richness and economic value. However, they invariably come into contact with a number of biotic and abiotic stresses during the stages of growth and post-harvest handling, which often significantly lower the yield and quality of the fruits. Moreover, among these stresses, cold-induced damage is the most common. The aim of this review is to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind fruit cold tolerance, taking into account the significance of transcription factors in cold adaptation as well as the influence of relevant functional proteins or genes. Concurrently, this review synthesizes a series of physical and chemical treatments used in the post-harvest handling stage, aiming to provide references for related research on fruit cold tolerance. 

Fruits’ cold tolerance: a review of mechanisms and methods

Floral meristem termination is a key step leading to carpel initiation and fruit development. The frequent occurrence of heat stress due to global warming often disrupts floral determinacy, resulting in defective fruit formation. However, the detailed mechanism behind this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we identify CRABS CLAW a (SlCRCa) as a key regulator of floral meristem termination in tomato. SlCRCa functions as an indispensable floral meristem terminator by suppressing SlWUS activity through the TOMATO AGAMOUS 1 (TAG1)-KNUCKLES (SlKNU)-INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (SlIMA) network. A direct binding assay revealed that SlCRCa specifically binds to the promoter and second intron of WUSCHEL (SlWUS). We also demonstrate that SlCRCa expression depends on brassinosteroid homeostasis in the floral meristem, which is repressed by heat stress via the circadian factor EARLY FLOWERING 3 (SlELF3). These results provide new insights into floral meristem termination and the heat stress response in flowers and fruits of tomato and suggest that SlCRCa provides a platform for multiple protein interactions that may epigenetically abrogate stem cell activity at the transition from floral meristem to carpel initiation. 

Heat stress impairs floral meristem termination and fruit development via affecting BR-SlCRCa cascade in tomato.

Fruit malformation is a major constrain in fruit production world-wide resulting in substantial economic losses. The farmers for decades noticed that the chilling temperature prior to the blooming often caused malformed fruits. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear. Here we examined the fruit development in response to cold stress in tomato, and demonstrated that short-term cold stress increased the callose accumulation in both shoot apical and floral meristems, resulting in the symplastic isolation and altered intercellular movement of WUS. In contrast to the rapidly restored SlWUS transcription during the recovery from cold stress, the callose removal was delayed due to obstructed plasmodesmata. The delayed reinstatement of cell-to-cell transport of SlWUS prevented the activation of SlCLV3 and TAG1, causing the interrupted feedback-inhibition of SlWUS expression, leading to the expanded stem cell population and malformed fruits. We further showed that the callose dynamics in response to short-term cold stress presumably exploits the mechanism of bud dormancy during the seasonal growth, involving two antagonistic hormones ABA and GA. Our results provide a novel insight into the cold stress regulated malformation of fruit.

Cold stress induces malformed tomato fruits by breaking the feedback loops of stem cell regulation in floral meristem.

Objective To investigate the roles and possible mechanisms of SIRT2 and KLF4 in the development and progression of myeloma. Methods Rt-PCR was used to detect SIRT2 in myeloma samples from patients and myeloma cells, the expression level of KLF4 in myeloma cells, and the effect of downregulation of SIRT2 expression on KLF4 expression level. MTT assay and wound-healing assay were used to observe the proliferation and migration of U266cells transient transfected with Sirt2 inhibitors. Results SIRT2 is highly expressed in myeloma, but KLF4 was down. Downregulation of SIRT2 expression stimulated the expression level of KLF4. Reduced SIRT2 activity results in the release of KLF4 expression, which inhibits the proliferation and migration of myeloma cells. Conclusion SIRT2-KLF4 combination plays an important role in the occurrence and development of myeloma.

SIRT2-KLF4 Interactions are Critical for Myeloma Survival and Migration

It is universally acknowledged that lncRNA plays an important role in the regulation of animal skeletal muscle development regulation. However, there is a lack of relevant research on lncRNA in rabbit skeletal muscle development. Thus, we explored the expression profiles of lncRNA in rabbits at three growth stages (2-week-old fetus, 6-week-old post-weaning, and 6-month-old adult) using RNA-seq. A total of 554 differentially expressed lncRNAs (235 up- and 319 down-regulated) were found between the post-weaning and fetus groups and 19 (7 up- and 12 down-regulated) between the post-weaning and adult groups and 429 (115 up- and 314 down-regulated) between the fetus and adult. The enrichment pathways in the post-weaning and fetus groups were mainly concentrated at AMPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and the co-expression results revealed that LINC-2903, LINC-2374, LINC-8591 plays a role in early maintenance of skeletal muscle development. The enriched pathways in the fetus and adult groups were mainly involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathways with a strong association found in mTOR signaling pathways. Analysis of the co-expression results suggests that LINC-5617 may be involved in the proliferation of embryonic skeletal muscle cells, and that LINC-8613 and LINC-8705 may provide energy for postnatal skeletal muscle development. The specific roles of different lncRNAs in different developmental stages of New Zealand White rabbits obtained. This will contribute to the subsequent study on the regulatory mechanism of muscle development in New Zealand White rabbits.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.948929/pdf

Analysis of lncRNA in the skeletal muscle of rabbits at different developmental stages

Objective To investigate the role of nestin in regulating Keap1-nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1-(HO-1-) mediated antioxidant responses in stress and malignant hematopoiesis. Methods The mRNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was extracted from 20 leukemia patients and 20 healthy people who were hospitalized in the Hematology Department of our hospital from September 2020 to December 2021, and the mRNA levels of nestin, Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were detected by real-time- (RT-) PCR. Results Compared with healthy controls, the mRNA of nestin, Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of leukemia patients was significantly upregulated. Conclusion The occurrence and development of leukemia are closely related to nestin regulating Keap1-Nrf2-Ho-1 signal pathway. Research Significance. This study determined the effect of nestin on the biological behavior of leukemia cells and its possible mechanism and confirmed that nestin may be a marker of tumor and tumor blood vessels.

/pdf/nestin-regulates-keap1-nrf2-ho-1-mediated-antioxidant-3t3i0cas.pdf

Nestin Regulates Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1-Mediated Antioxidant Responses during Stress and Malignant Hematopoiesis

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) play an important role in muscle growth, regeneration and maintenance. This study aimed to isolate SMSCs from sheep, establish a system for isolation, culture and identification of SMSCs in vitro, and provide seed cells for subsequent studies. SMSCs were isolated and purified from newborn 2-day-old healthy sheep by collagenase type I and trypsin two-step digestion and pre-plating method. The results indicated that the isolated and purified SMSCs showed full spindle shape and strong refractive index. The cell growth curve detected by CCK-8 kit was typical “S” type. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the isolated cells expressed SMSC marker proteins Pax7 and MyoD1. After induction of myogenic differentiation, the cells fused with each other to form multinucleated myotubes and expressed the myoblast specific marker MHC. RT-PCR results showed that the cells expressed SMSC marker gene Pax 7. This experiment established an in vitro isolation, purification and identification system for sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells, which provided a good cell model for studying the biological mechanism of sheep skeletal muscle cells, optimizing sheep breeds, and cell transplantation repair.

/pdf/isolation-culture-and-identification-of-sheep-skeletal-1f1f501p.pdf

Isolation, culture and identification of sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells

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Papers

Cold stress induces malformed tomato fruits by breaking the feedback loops of stem cell regulation in floral meristem.

SIRT2-KLF4 Interactions are Critical for Myeloma Survival and Migration

Analysis of lncRNA in the skeletal muscle of rabbits at different developmental stages

Nestin Regulates Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1-Mediated Antioxidant Responses during Stress and Malignant Hematopoiesis

Isolation, culture and identification of sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells