Amine functionalized carbon nanotube (ANCT) is applied as an inorganic potential proton conducting material embedded in a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix. The morphological, structural, thermomechanical, physiochemical and electrochemical properties of SPEEK/ACNT composite were investigated and compared to obtained results from bare SPEEK. The synthesized ACNT-incorporated SPEEK membrane have uniform and dense morphology and exhibit improved properties as proton exchange membrane (PEM); for example, SPEEK/ACNT possessed higher thermal stability and tensile strength than SPEEK alone. The amine functionalized structure of ACNT is assumed to be one of critical factors resulting in higher performance of SPEEK/ACNT membrane, since it can induce acid-base conducting networks between ACNT and SPEEK matrix, which would improve water uptake and proton conductivity while lowering ion exchange capacity of membrane. When used in 20% relative humidity, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) with SPEEK/ACNT membrane is found to exhibit much higher performance than a PEFC with bare SPEEK, suggesting the potential use of SPEEK/ACNT membrane as PEM.

Amine functionalized carbon nanotube (ACNT) filled in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane: Effects of ACNT in improving polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance under reduced relative humidity

Carbon based composites are extensively used in applications such as in polymer composite bipolar plates. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of both the use of milled carbon fibre as a conductive filler in a composite and the adaption of the General Effective Media (GEM) model to predict the electrical conductivity of the polymer composite produced. Polymer composites with various loading concentrations of the conductive filler with epoxy (EP) resin were developed using the compression moulding technique. Incorporating carbon nano tube (CNT) and carbon black (CB) as secondary fillers on carbon fibre (CF) reinforces epoxy composites aided in increasing the electrical conductivity of the composites. The addition of small amounts of CNT and CB as secondary fillers in hybrid systems increased the through-plane conductivity to 40.3 S/cm and 19.9 S/cm, respectively. The high aspect ratio and small size of the CNT filled the gaps between CF as primary filler so that there was a more conductive path. These phenomena increased the electrical conductivity of the CNT/CF/EP composites to a level higher than that of the CB/CF/EP composites. The flexural strength of CF/EP also improved from 64.37 MPa to 80 MPa and 70 MPa by adding CNT and CB, respectively. The dispersion and conductive paths mechanism were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The effect of milled carbon fibre filler on electrical conductivity in highly conductive polymer composites

In this work, carbon composite bipolar plates consisting of synthetic graphite and milled carbon fibers as a conductive filler and epoxy as a polymer matrix developed using compression molding is described. The highest electrical conductivity obtained from the described material is 69.8 S/cm for the in-plane conductivity and 50.34 S/cm for the through-plane conductivity for the composite containing 2 wt.% carbon fiber (CF) with 80 wt.% filler loading. This value is 30% greater than the electrical conductivity of a typical graphite/epoxy composite with 80 wt.% filler loading, which is 53 S/cm for the in-plane conductivity and 40 S/cm for the through-plane conductivity. The flexural strength is increased to 36.28 MPa compared to a single filler system, which is approximately 25.22 MPa. This study also found that the General Effective Media (GEM) model was able to predict the in-plane and through-plane electrical conductivities for single filler and multiple filler composites.

Effect of the addition of milled carbon fiber as a secondary filler on the electrical conductivity of graphite/epoxy composites for electrical conductive material

Nanocomposites of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared using a solution mixing technique employing polyvinyl phenol (PVP) as a compatibilizer. The PVP can facilitate composite formation by interacting with both rGO and PAN via π-π and H-bonding respectively. Various amounts of rGO were used to prepare PAN nanocomposites. The cross-sectional morphology of the composite films shows a uniform dispersion of rGO sheets in the PAN matrix. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) studies revealed that good interaction of the rGO/PVP hybrid with PAN. The wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXS) study confirms that the rGO sheets were uniformely dispersed as individual sheets in the PAN matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis shows enhanced thermal stability of the composite compared to pure PAN. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the nanocomposites increased with increasing rGO content. A 102% enhancement in tensile strength and a 62.9% enhancement in elastic modulus were observed in the nanocomposite with 5% rGO.

Preparation and properties of reduced graphene oxide/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites using polyvinyl phenol

The organic/inorganic hybrid membranes consisting of different concentrations of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) in sulfonated poly ether sulfone (SPES) were constructed for the usage as electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The repulsion applied between the hydrophilic moieties of host and guest components resulted in the porosity of prepared composite membranes. The as-made membranes demonstrated the prompt thermal stability and validated its applications in elevated temperature operation of PEMFCs. When the concentration of PWA was increased to 30 wt% in sulfonated polyether sulfone, the ionic conductivity of the corresponding membrane was increased to 19 mS/cm at room temperature, presumably due to the inherent conductivity of the PWA molecules and the enhanced acidity of sulfonic acid groups in the membranes. The SPES/PWA composite membrane (IEC 1.74 meq/g) comprising 30 wt% of PWA exhibited a maximum ionic conductivity of 116 mS/cm at 90 °C under 100% relative humidity (RH). The as-made SPES/PWA-30 composite membrane exhibited the maximum PEMFC power density of 305 mW/cm2, which validated its potential applications in PEMFCs.

Sulfonated poly ether sulfone/heteropoly acid composite membranes as electrolytes for the improved power generation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The effects of carbon filler type on the properties and performance of composite bipolar plates fabricated by compression molding of carbon fillers such as graphite, carbon black (CB), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT), carbon fiber (CF) and powder type epoxy have been investigated. The electrical conductivity and flexural properties of the composites are increased by increasing the content of fibrous conducting fillers, e.g. MWNT and CF. On the contrary, incorporation of particulate fillers such as CB and graphite plays a significant role in enhancing the electrical conductivity but has a negative effect on the flexural properties of the composites. The current–voltage curve of the fuel cell indicates that the performance of the fuel cell is improved upon selection of an optimum amount of carbon filler in the composite bipolar plates.

Effects of hybrid carbon fillers of polymer composite bipolar plates on the performance of direct methanol fuel cells

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Effects of hybrid carbon fillers of polymer composite bipolar plates on the performance of direct methanol fuel cells