http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/70591/1/document_54140_1.pdf

Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of top value chemicals from biorefinery carbohydrates.

Simultaneous scavenging of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from water by sulfide-modified magnetic pinecone-derived hydrochar

Co-pyrolysis of food waste and wood bark to produce hydrogen with minimizing pollutant emissions.

The reasonable and effective use of lignocellulosic biomass is an important way to solve the current energy crisis. Cellulose is abundant in nature and can be hydrolyzed to a variety of important energy substances and platform compounds—for instance, glucose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), etc. As a chemical linker between biomass and petroleum processing, LA has become an ideal feedstock for the formation of liquid fuels. At present, some problems such as low yield, high equipment requirements, difficult separation, and serious environmental pollution in the production of LA from cellulose have still not been solved. Thus, a more efficient and green catalytic system of this process for industrial production is highly desired. Herein, we focus on the reaction mechanism, pretreatment, and catalytic systems of LA from cellulose and cellulosic biomass, and a series of existing technologies for producing LA are reviewed. On the other hand, the industrial production of LA is discussed in depth to improve the yield of LA and make the process economical and energy efficient. Additionally, practical suggestions for the enhancement of the stability and efficiency of the catalysts are also proposed. The use of cellulose to produce LA is consistent with the concept of sustainable development, and the dependence on fossil resources will be greatly reduced through the realization of this process route.

Production of Levulinic Acid from Cellulose and Cellulosic Biomass in Different Catalytic Systems

Biorefineries contribute to a circular bioeconomy using renewable feedstock to produce commodity and specialty chemicals as an alternative to petroleum chemicals. Using waste streams such as food waste and agricultural waste as a feedstock for biorefineries is a promising approach for obtaining value-added products in an economically feasible and sustainable way. The conversion of biomass to chemicals offers diverse opportunities but poses new technological challenges. This paper aims to review the current state of food and agricultural waste valorisation by giving a brief technical overview, summarizing the current state of the bio-based market, and identifying the current barriers to scaling-up biorefineries. Utilizing lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries calls for pre-treatment due to its complex structure, in which biomass is broken into monosaccharides, building blocks of value-added products. Different state of the art technologies for lignocellulose pre-treatment is introduced in the review followed by a brief explanation of the role of the hydrolysis and fermentation. The economic aspect of chemical production from biomass waste at an industrial scale is also introduced by giving an overview of some recent techno-economic studies.

/pdf/processes-for-the-valorization-of-food-and-agricultural-wdgcwmyyui.pdf

Processes for the valorization of food and agricultural wastes to value-added products: recent practices and perspectives

This research investigated the concept of a two-step acidic and thermal treatment for glucose extraction and levulinic acid (LA) production from food waste using dilute hydrochloric acid (DHA) as a catalyst, and subsequently analyzed the properties of the resulting humins Glucose extraction was performed under various reaction conditions (reaction temperature range: 120-190 °C, DHA concentration range: 02-05% v/v); the glucose extraction yield of the acidic treatment step reached 8317% under the optimal conditions (150 °C in 05% DHA) LA production was achieved during the thermal treatment step, which was investigated using two independent experiments to determine the influence of the reaction conditions (reaction time: 5-140min, concentration factor: 15-30, reaction temperature: 160-190 °C) The LA production process was affected by the concentration factor and the reaction temperature due to the low pH of solution and the rapid reaction rate, respectively The thermal stability of the humins was highest at a concentration factor of 30 because of the 1307 C/H ratio of the humins

Levulinic acid production through two-step acidic and thermal treatment of food waste using dilute hydrochloric acid

The objectives of our research are to investigate the concept of delignification from pinecone through alkaline fractionation and then extraction of formic acid from the hydrolysate through esterification using ethanol. The pinecone is considered a promising material because of its relatively higher lignin content (35.80%) than other lignocellulosic biomass. The recovery yield of acid insoluble lignin (AIL) reached its maximum value of 79.20% at 8% NaOH, and the concentration of formic acid in the hydrolysate had its highest value under the same conditions. Moreover, the glucan content in fractionated solid remained high. The hydrolysate was subjected to esterification with ethanol under various reaction conditions for formic acid extraction, with solvent mixing ratio range: 1:1–1:4 v/v, reaction temperature range: 30–45 °C, and reaction time range: 60–100 min. Subsequently, the ethanol mixture (ethanol and ethyl formate) was recovered through distillation. The formic acid was extracted with more than 85% at mixing ratio of 1:2 and 45 °C for all reaction times. Furthermore, salt compounds composed mainly of Na and S were recovered because of its properties not soluble in ethanol solution.

Delignification of Pinecone and Extraction of Formic Acid in the Hydrolysate Produced by Alkaline Fractionation

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Levulinic acid production through two-step acidic and thermal treatment of food waste using dilute hydrochloric acid

Delignification of Pinecone and Extraction of Formic Acid in the Hydrolysate Produced by Alkaline Fractionation