Increased efficiencies achieved in different steps of DH line production offer greater benefits to maize breeding programs. Doubled haploid (DH) technology has become an integral part of many commercial maize breeding programs as DH lines offer several economic, logistic and genetic benefits over conventional inbred lines. Further, new advances in DH technology continue to improve the efficiency of DH line development and fuel its increased adoption in breeding programs worldwide. The established method for maize DH production covered in this review involves in vivo induction of maternal haploids by a male haploid inducer genotype, identification of haploids from diploids at the seed or seedling stage, chromosome doubling of haploid (D0) seedlings and finally, selfing of fertile D0 plants. Development of haploid inducers with high haploid induction rates and adaptation to different target environments have facilitated increased adoption of DH technology in the tropics. New marker systems for haploid identification, such as the red root marker and high oil marker, are being increasingly integrated into new haploid inducers and have the potential to make DH technology accessible in germplasm such as some Flint, landrace, or tropical material, where the standard R1-nj marker is inhibited. Automation holds great promise to further reduce the cost and time in haploid identification. Increasing success rates in chromosome doubling protocols and/or reducing environmental and human toxicity of chromosome doubling protocols, including research on genetic improvement in spontaneous chromosome doubling, have the potential to greatly reduce the production costs per DH line.

/pdf/doubled-haploid-technology-for-line-development-in-maize-2elnuu62l2.pdf

Doubled haploid technology for line development in maize: technical advances and prospects

Maize is a leading crop in the modern agricultural industry that accounts for more than 40% grain production worldwide. THe double haploid technique that uses fewer breeding generations for generating a maize line has accelerated the pace of development of superior commercial seed varieties and has been transforming the agricultural industry. In this technique the chromosomes of the haploid seeds are doubled and taken forward in the process while the diploids marked for elimination. Traditionally, selective visual expression of a molecular marker within the embryo region of a maize seed has been used to manually discriminate diploids from haploids. Large scale production of inbred maize lines within the agricultural industry would benefit from the development of computer vision methods for this discriminatory task. However the variability in the phenotypic expression of the molecular marker system and the heterogeneity arising out of the maize genotypes and image acquisition have been an enduring challenge towards such efforts. In this work, we propose a novel application of a deep convolutional network (DeepSort) for the sorting of haploid seeds in these realistic settings. Our proposed approach outperforms existing state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers that uses features based on color, texture and morphology. We demonstrate the network derives features that can discriminate the embryo regions using the activations of the neurons in the convolutional layers. Our experiments with different architectures show that the performance decreases with the decrease in the depth of the layers. Our proposed method DeepSort based on the convolutional network is robust to the variation in the phenotypic expression, shape of the corn seeds, and the embryo pose with respect to the camera. In the era of modern digital agriculture, deep learning and convolutional networks will continue to play an important role in advancing research and product development within the agricultural industry.

/pdf/deepsort-deep-convolutional-networks-for-sorting-haploid-56wtluja18.pdf

DeepSort: deep convolutional networks for sorting haploid maize seeds

Although the content of lipids in corn kernels is not high compared to oilseeds, the impact of such lipids on economics and health of animal and human is significant because of the high volume of corn produced and utilized in the United States. Various classes of lipids present in corn kernels, such as neutral and polar acyl lipids, sterols, tocols, and carotenoids, are presented in this chapter. The natural variation of these lipids and their genetic modification to improve compositional traits are discussed. There are distinct lipid distribution patterns in corn kernel's endosperm, germ, pericarp, and tip cap. About 80% of total kernel lipids is in the germ, and the remaining is mainly in the endosperm and aleurone layer. About 90% of the kernel carotenoids is in the endosperm, and the lipids in the aleurone layer have very high concentration of the unique ferulic acid esters of the phytosterols (about 85% of the total). Thus, corn germ oil's lipid class composition is very different from oils extracted from the entire kernels using a solvent that is more polar than hexane and from the corn fiber oil. Corn starch, particularly the amylose fraction, is naturally complexed with monoacyl lipids. Such property has been used to create a slowly digestable corn starch product. Enzymatically derived lipids and hormones are important class of oxilipins that are signaling molecules and are involved in plant's defense against pathogens. High-value lipid products from corn milling and dry-grind ethanol fermentation, such as corn fiber oil and distiller's corn oil, can be produced more efficiently to improve the economics of the corn processing industry. Other challenges and future directions of research and development are also discussed.

Lipids of the Kernel

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Maize doubled haploid (DH) lines are usually created in vivo, through crosses with maternal haploid inducers. These inducers have the inherent ability of generating seeds with haploid embryos when used to pollinate other genotypes. The resulting haploid plants are treated with a doubling agent and self-pollinated, producing completely homozygous seeds. This rapid method of inbred line production reduces the length of breeding cycles and, consequently, increases genetic gain. Such advantages explain the wide adoption of this technique by large, well-established maize breeding programs. However, a slower rate of adoption was observed in medium to small-scale breeding programs. The high price and/or lack of environmental adaptation of inducers available for licensing, or the poor performance of those free of cost, might explain why smaller operations did not take full advantage of this technique. The lack of adapted inducers is especially felt in tropical countries, where inducer breeding efforts are more recent. Therefore, defining optimal breeding approaches for inducer development could benefit many breeding programs which are in the process of adopting the DH technique. In this manuscript, we review traits important to maize maternal haploid inducers, explain their genetic basis, listing known genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), and discuss different breeding approaches for inducer development. The performance of haploid inducers has an important impact on the cost of DH line production.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1704&context=agron_pubs

Breeding Maize Maternal Haploid Inducers

Despite the overwhelming evidence of the involvement of prion protein (PrP) in prion disease pathogenesis, the normal functions of this cell surface glycoprotein remain unclear. Previously, we showed that PrP may have a dual regulatory role by regulating the opposite poles of pro-inflammation and anti-inflammation as well as tissue repair in activated microglia. In the present work, we compared the mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2, and IL-10) and IL-4-related alternative activation markers (Arg1 and Mrc1) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in the brain and spleen and examined peripheral leukocyte recovery and LPS-induced mortality in PrP knockout mice (PrP(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. During the acute phase, WT mice exhibited higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain and spleen than in PrP(-/-) mice, while PrP(-/-) mice sustained higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, Arg1, and Mrc1 during the later phase. PrP(-/-) mice also exhibited a slower peripheral leukocyte recovery process and higher mortality in response to LPS-induced septic shock. These results suggest that the PrP may participate in the protection of mice from LPS infection by regulating the process of inflammatory response.

Prion Protein Participates in the Protection of Mice from Lipopolysaccharide Infection by Regulating the Inflammatory Process

The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein on the cell surface. Previous studies have demonstrated contradictory roles for PrPC in connection with the phagocytic ability of macrophages. In the present work, we investigated the function of PrPC in phagocytosis and cytokine expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with Escherichia coli. E. coli infection induced an increase in the PRNP mRNA level. Knockout of PrPC promoted bacterial uptake; upregulated Rab5, Rab7, and Eea1 mRNA expression; and increased the recruitment of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2 to phagosomes, suggesting enhanced microbicidal activity. Remarkably, knockout of PrPC suppressed the proliferation of internalized bacteria and increased the expression of cytokines such as interleukin-1β. Collectively, our data reveal an important role of PrPC as a negative regulator for phagocytosis, phagosome maturation, cytokine expression, and macrophage microbicidal activity.

/pdf/the-cellular-prion-protein-negatively-regulates-phagocytosis-2mv0cy8aso.pdf

The Cellular Prion Protein Negatively Regulates Phagocytosis and Cytokine Expression in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

The invention discloses a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) device for oiliness seed automatic test and intelligent sorting, and the device provided by the invention comprises an NMR sampling device with a sample input and an sample output and a computer which is used for testing NMR and is electrically connected with the NMR sampling device, wherein the NMR sampling device is used for sensing samples, sending an electrical signal to the computer for testing the NMR and driving analysis and test on the oiliness rate of the samples; and the device provided by the invention also comprises a sample sorting device which comprises a multichannel sample system connected with the sample output of the NMR sampling device and equipped with at least one sample channel, and an electrical control switch installed on the sample channel, and the electrical control switch is electrically connected with the computer for testing the NMR and is controlled to open and close by the computer for testing the NMR according to a level signal given by the test results of the sample and switch on/off the corresponding sample channel According to the invention, a single oiliness seed can be rapidly and accurately tested, intelligent sorting can be carried out according to the test result, and the purpose of automatically selecting seeds on a large scale can be realized

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) device for oiliness seed automatic test and intelligent sorting

The invention discloses a nuclear magnetic resonance supporting device for single oleaginous seed sampling. The nuclear magnetic resonance supporting device is characterized by including a rotary sampling device, a vacuum generator and a computer for nuclear magnetic resonance testing, wherein the rotary sampling device includes a bracket, a rotating disc rotatably installed on the bracket, and a stepping motor connected with the rotating disc and used for driving the rotating disc to rotate; a suction port connected with the vacuum generator is arranged on the rotating disc; a single seed capacity groove capable of only accommodating one seed is arranged on the suction port; and the computer for nuclear magnetic resonance testing is electrically connected with control circuits of the stepping motor and the vacuum generator respectively. The device provided by the invention can be used for sample-taking and sample-placing of single oleaginous seed automatically and accurately, and adjust the speed of sample-taking and sample-placing as per the testing requirement, thereby effectively cooperating with a nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer for the purposes of being automatic, large in scale and quick in seed selection, and greatly improving the testing efficiency.

Nuclear magnetic resonance supporting device for single oleaginous seed sampling

The invention discloses a nuclear magnetic resonance multichannel detection system used for rapidly sorting oil-containing seeds, the multichannel detection system comprises a sampling system, several sets of parallel weighing sample introduction systems, several sets of nuclear magnetic resonance parallel detection systems and several sets of parallel seed sorting systems, the sampling system takes a plurality of samples from a feeding hopper containing seeds and respectively sends the samples to the parallel weighing sample introduction system corresponded to the sampling system for weighing and sends to several sets of nuclear magnetic resonance parallel detection systems at the rear end for respectively detecting, and then several sets of parallel seed sorting systems respectively sorts the seeds according to the detection result of the nuclear magnetic resonance parallel detection system and guides the seeds to a container with corresponded class. According to the invention, the nuclear magnetic resonance multichannel detection system realizes simultaneous sampling, weighing, sample introduction, detection, sorting and sample sending at multichannel, thereby multichannel rapid and automatic sampling and sorting the seeds can be realized, many defects in a traditional artificial sampling method can be made up, and detection and sorting efficiency for breeding can be greatly increased.

Nuclear magnetic resonance multichannel detection system used for rapidly sorting oil-containing seeds

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