This paper concerns the feasibility of full-duplex large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output cellular systems. We first derive the analytic model of the ergodic achievable sum-rate for cell-boundary users. The model is derived by applying a simple linear filter, i.e., matched filter or zero-forcing filter, to the base-station (BS). In the analytic model, we consider large-scale fading, pilot contamination, transmitter noise, and receiver distortion. In addition, to solve the critical pilot overhead problem induced by self-interference channel estimation, we propose a pilot transmission scheme—the simultaneous pilot transmission (SPT)—and assess its performance, in terms of the ergodic sum-rate. In considering two multicell scenarios, cooperative and non-cooperative multicell systems, we obtain the ergodic achievable sum-rate by reflecting the characteristic of each scenarios, such as limited front-haul capacity and procedures of channel estimation. With all derived results, to investigate the feasibility, we observe the tradeoffs between the full- and half-duplex systems, between the SPT and conventional scheme, and between the two multicell scenarios with respect to various system parameters and environment. In the end, we confirm the tightness of our analytic model and advantages of full-duplex, SPT, and cooperation of BSs in our system model.

On the Feasibility of Full-Duplex Large-Scale MIMO Cellular Systems

Full-duplex (FD) communication is capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving data on the same frequency band. To effectively utilize FD in a wireless local area network (WLAN), one must use medium access control (MAC) protocols that consider the characteristics of FD. Many researchers have proposed and analyzed FD MAC protocols for WLANs. Most of this work revealed that as the number of nodes increases, the overall throughput decreases due to collisions. We have found, however, that with a smart MAC protocol, the throughput actually improves as the number of nodes increases. In this paper, we propose an asymmetric FD MAC protocol and then design an FD WLAN analytical model to evaluate saturation throughput. In our analytical model, we consider FD pair probability-the probability that a node capable of FD communication exists. To validate our model, we calculate FD pair probability values based on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) levels and self-interference cancellation (SIC). We then analyze the effect of the FD pair probability on throughput. Simulation results verify the accuracy of our analytical model. Moreover, we compare the fairness of the proposed and conventional FD MAC protocols. As demonstrated through extensive evaluations, the fairness of the proposed FD MAC protocol is improved.

/pdf/performance-analysis-of-fair-medium-access-control-protocol-44n6j0zfgh.pdf

Performance Analysis of Fair Medium Access Control Protocol for Asymmetric Full Duplex in WLAN

This paper concerns the feasibility of full-duplex large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) cellular systems. We first propose a pilot transmission scheme and assess its performance, specifically the ergodic sum-rate. The proposed scheme -- the simultaneous pilot transmission (SPT) -- enables to reduce pilot overhead, where the pilot overhead depends on the number of antennas at the base station (BS), since the self-interference channel has to be estimated. We consider two multicell scenarios-- cooperative and non-cooperative multicell systems--, and derive the analytic model of the ergodic achievable sum-rate for cell-boundary users. The model is derived by applying a simple linear filter, i.e., matched filter or zero-forcing filter, to the BS. In the analytic model, we also consider large-scale fading, pilot contamination, transmitter noise and receiver distortion. Exploiting the derived analytic model, the feasibility of full-duplex large-scale MIMO systems is shown with respect to system parameters. In the end, we confirm that our analytic model matches well the numerical results and the SPT has advantages over other pilot transmission methods.

On the Feasibility of Full-duplex Large-scale MIMO Cellular Systems

We evaluate the practical network coding (NC) gain in a wireless ad hoc networks. First, we introduce how network coding can be applied to IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. Next, we find obstructive factors by which the NC gain may decrease as compared with the theoretical NC gain. Finally, through the performance evaluation, we analyze why a performance difference occurs between practical and theoretical NC gains owing to the suggested obstructive factors. According to the simulated results, even though there is some overhead caused by the characteristics of the media access control (MAC) protocol and control signals to apply NC to wireless ad hoc networks, the practical NC gain is almost the same as the theoretical gain in an ideal environment for NC. However, in the NC system with the hidden node problem, the NC gain decreases because of packet collision. In the NC system using a promiscuous mode where packet overhearing is possible, nodes consume more power than the conventional system because of overhearing packets. For instance, when the number of overhearing nodes not related to NC is set to 15, the power reduction rate is -38.04%. Furthermore, under the network conditions inappropriate for NC, such as asymmetric flows and scarce coding structures, the NC gain can be considerably reduced. For example, in 5x5 and 7x7 grid topology networks, the load reduction rate by NC are only 4.12% and 7.01%, respectively. Therefore, research to solve the suggested obstructive factors is necessary to achieve sufficient NC gain in a practical wireless network such as an IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks.

Performance evaluation of network coding in IEEE 802.11 wireless ad hoc networks

In-band full duplex wireless medium access control (MAC) protocol is essential in order to enable higher layers of the protocol stack to exploit the maximum benefits from physical layer full duplex technology. Unlike half duplex wireless local area network, a full duplex MAC protocol has to deal with several unique issues and challenges that arise because of the dynamic nature of the wireless environment. In this paper, we have discussed several existing full duplex MAC protocols and have shown qualitative comparisons among these full duplex MAC protocols. Full duplex in-band wireless communication has the potential to double the capacity of wireless network. Inter-client Interference (ICI) is a hindrance in achieving double spectral efficiency of the in-band full-duplex wireless medium. In this paper, we have classified existing solutions to the ICI problem and compared the solutions with respect to the proposed approaches, their advantages and disadvantages.We have also identified and discussed several issues and challenges of designing a full duplex MAC protocol. Results of qualitative comparisons of various wireless full duplex MAC protocols may be applied to design new protocols as well as researchers may find the identified issues and challenges helpful to solve various problems of a full duplex MAC protocol.

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/4/216/pdf

In-Band Full Duplex Wireless LANs: Medium Access Control Protocols, Design Issues and Their Challenges

The full duplex communication is a spotlighted technology as a most promising solution that can solve channel capacity problem in wireless network. In the future, the device to device(D2D) communication can be considered to reduce the load of network. Furthermore, the centralized network have advantages in collision ratio. For these reasons, we propose a novel centralized full duplex MAC protocol for wireless networks while considering D2D communications using spatial channel reuse algorithm. The proposed protocol can minimize the scheduling overhead while maximize the network throughput. Additionally, it can solve the hidden/exposed node problems without using the RTS/CTS mechanism. The simulation result shows better performance in dense networks with 190% improved average throughput compare to that of half duplex protocol. Based on simulation results, full duplex transmission can be applied to small dense networks such as internet of things (IoT) based networks.

Centralized MAC protocol for wireless full duplex networks considering D2D communications

Advanced handover scheme considering downlink and uplink service traffic in asymmetric channel

Full-duplex (FD) radios can transmit and receive packets simultaneously in the same frequency band. Although this potentially doubles the spectral efficiency, it also causes inter-node interference, which was not an issue for half-duplex (HD) radios and can significantly reduce FD radio throughput. This paper proposes a hybrid transmission switching algorithm to reduce performance degradation due to inter-node interference. In contrast to previous studies that only considered channel capacity, we determine the transmission mode by considering the modulation and coding scheme (MCS). The access point compares the required transmission time for HD, FD, and hybrid mode and selects the mode with the best network throughput. We also designed an analytical model to evaluate network throughput for the proposed algorithm. In particular, we consider FD pair probability, which has not been addressed previously. Analytical and simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm improves network performance.

Full-Duplex MAC Protocol Based on CSMA/CA for Switching Transmission Mode

Wireless communication using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as drones, is expected to be a promising solution for improving spectral efficiency in 5G wireless networks. Moreover, full-duplex (FD) has been in the spotlight as a key technology for improving network performance. In this work, we design an energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol for a UAV base-station (UAV-BS) aided FD wireless communication network and demonstrate a comprehensive analytical model considering the FD pair probability. In the proposed FD MAC protocol, the FD UAV-BS focuses on energy efficiency when establishing the FD pair. Throughput is also enhanced by transmitting downlink data without decreasing the uplink data rate. We consider the FD pair probability to improve the accuracy of the analytical model. Although the FD pair probability is an important parameter for performance analysis, it has rarely been addressed in most previous works. We analyze FD pair probability according to the altitude of the FD UAV-BS and the node transmission power. The analytical model can reflect an actual network better than prior works by considering the FD pair probability. Through extensive simulations using MaTLAB and the Riverbed Modeler, we verified the superiority of the proposed FD MAC protocol and the accuracy of the analytical model. 

/pdf/energy-efficient-full-duplex-mac-protocol-design-for-air-3ujgp8kh.pdf

Energy-efficient full-duplex MAC protocol design for air-terrestrial communication

Time domain contention used in IEEE 802.11 has many overhead. To decrease the overhead, many frequency domain contention MAC protocols were proposed. However, to maximize the performance of system, the number of users who transmit data with a contention should increase. In this paper, we propose a subcarrier map broadcasting method. Access point (AP) broadcasts a subcarrier map including information about status of subcarriers. By broadcasting subcarrier map, more users can transmit data with a contention. We also propose the algorithm that changes the number of users who participate in a contention. The total throughput of the proposed MAC protocol with algorithm is not reduced while that without algorithm is reduced, as the number of users increases. We analyze total, uplink throughput of the proposed MAC protocol. We also compare throughput of the proposed MAC protocol between with and without algorithm. Mathematical analysis validate with simulation results. The proposed MAC protocol and algorithm improve throughput of system.

MAC Protocol Design of Frequency Domain Contention Using OF DM Subcarriers

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