Chromium (Cr) presently used in various major industries and its residues possess a potent environmental threat. Contamination of soil and water resources due to Cr ions and its toxicity has adversely affected plant growth and crop productivity. Here, deleterious effects of different levels of Cr (VI) treatments i.e., 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μM on two mungbean cultivars, Pusa Vishal (PV) and Pusa Ratna (PR), in hydroponic and pot conditions were evaluated. Germination, seedling growth, biomass production, antioxidant enzyme, electrolytic leakage, oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde), and proline content were determined to evaluate the performance of both cultivars under hydroponic conditions for 15 days. The hydroponic results were further compared with the growth and seed yield attributes of both the genotypes in pot experiments performed over 2 years. Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl-a, Chl-b, nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase increased in the leaves following Cr exposure at 60-90 μM but declined at 120 μM. Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield attributes were more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivar. Cr accumulation in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds increased with an increase in Cr concentrations in the pot conditions. Furthermore, for both cultivars, there were significant negative correlations in morpho-physiological characteristics under high Cr concentrations. Overall results suggest that (PR) is more sensitive to Cr stress (PV) at the seedling stage and in pot conditions. Furthermore, (PV) can be utilized to study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varieties.

/pdf/chromium-vi-induced-alterations-in-physio-chemical-2mzwh4o3rm.pdf

Chromium (VI)-Induced Alterations in Physio-Chemical Parameters, Yield, and Yield Characteristics in Two Cultivars of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.).

The by-product of wet flue gas desulfurization, desulfurized steel slag (DS), had chemical characteristics like natural gypsum that can be used to improve saline-sodic soil. However, contamination risk of heavy metals for cycling utilization of DS in agriculture was concerned mostly. Both pot and field experiments were conducted for evaluating the potential pollution risk of DS as the amendment of saline-sodic soil. Results showed that application of DS decreased the contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, while significantly increasing chromium (Cr) content in DS-amended soils. The field experiment demonstrated that the migration of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in the soil profile was negligible. The application of DS at the dosage of 22.5-225 tons/ha significantly increased the Cr content in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) but lower than the national standard for feed in China (GB 13078-2017). DS altered the chemical fraction of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, and Pb), transferred exchangeable, reducible into oxidizable and residual forms in DS-amended soil. Application of DS combined with fulvic acid (FA) could effectively reduce the movement of heavy metals in soil and the accumulation of Cr in alfalfa. Based on our results, DS was a safe and feasible material for agricultural use and presented relatively little pollution risk of heavy metals. However, the results also showed that DS to a certain extent had a potential environmental risk of Cr if larger dosages of DS were used. 

Heavy metal pollution risk of desulfurized steel slag as a soil amendment in cycling use of solid wastes.

Uptake of hexavalent chromium by Lactuca sativa and Triticum aestivum plants and mediated effects on their performance, linked with associated public health risks.

Groundwater is an important component of water resources. Mixed pollutants comprising heavy metals (HMs) and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) from industrial activities can contaminate groundwater through such processes as rainfall infiltration, runoff and discharge, which pose direct threats to human health through the food chain or drinking water. In situ remediation of contaminated groundwater is an important way to improve the quality of a water environment, develop water resources and ensure the safety of drinking water. Bioremediation and permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were discussed in this paper as they were effective and affordable for in situ remediation of complex contaminated groundwater. In addition, media types, technology combinations and factors for the PRBs were highlighted. Finally, insights and outlooks were presented for in situ remediation technologies for complex groundwater contaminated with HMs and PHs. The selection of an in situ remediation technology should be site specific. The remediation of complex contaminated groundwater can be approached from various perspectives, including the development of economical materials, the production of slow-release and encapsulated materials, and a combination of multiple technologies. This review is expected to provide technical guidance and assistance for in situ remediation of complex contaminated groundwater. 

An overview of in situ remediation for groundwater co-contaminated with heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons.

A 2D/0D Bi12O17Cl2/AgBr Z-scheme photocatalyst provides a jointed synchronous pathway for simultaneous Cr(vi) and TC removal.

Simultaneous photocatalytic tetracycline oxidation and chromate reduction via a jointed synchronous pathway upon Z-scheme Bi12O17Cl2/AgBr: insight into intermediates and mechanism

Contrasting effects of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on lettuce grown in hydroponics and soil: Chromium and manganese speciation

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Contrasting effects of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on lettuce grown in hydroponics and soil: Chromium and manganese speciation