Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) provides an effective and sustainable means for the treatment of waters contaminated by emerging pollutants. Beyond water decontamination, PECs can be harnessed for green energy generation and CO2 reforming due to the wide variety of existing semiconductor materials. The configuration of PEC systems enables more effective separation of charge carriers generated from an ideally irradiated polarized photoanode, thereby extending the electron-hole lifetime. This short review presents trends, advancements, critiques, and future perspectives related to PEC applied in studies of sustainable water treatment. 

Recent developments on the application of photoelectrochemical processes for sustainable water treatment

A PbO2 electrode co-doped with nickel (Ni) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was prepared with TiO2 nanotube as the substrate by a simple electro-deposition method. The morphology, composition and structural information were characterized by SEM, XPS and XRD. The techniques of linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate electrochemical properties. The characterizations indicated that an increased OEP value and a higher Oads content were obtained for Ni-SDS-PbO2. The experimental results confirmed that the yield rate of ·OH by Ni-SDS-PbO2 was 2.21 times as high as that by the undoped PbO2. Accordingly, the electrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by Ni-SDS-PbO2 was the fastest. The corresponding pseudo-first-order kinetic constant for Ni-SDS-PbO2 was the highest (0.0504 min−1), and it was 2.83 times as high as that for the pristine PbO2. The increased electrocatalytic performance of Ni-SDS-PbO2 and its enhanced stability could be attributed to the co-modification of Ni and SDS. 

Preparation of nickel and sodium dodecyl sulfate co-doped PbO2 electrode and its enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline

Parent structures can greatly affect the free radicals attack, and the corresponding degradation efficiency and toxicity of organics, while the further influence mechanism of compounds' structure with similar parent structure still needs to be revealed. Herein, the electrochemical oxidation process (EOP) was applied to explore the effects of similar pollutants' (bisphenol-A(BPA)/phenol) structure on dominant radical and degradation mechanism, and comprehensively assessed the ecotoxicity of the BPA degradation intermediates/products. The removal efficiency of BPA achieved 84.2 %–98.3 % in all the experimental conditions. BPA degradation pathways, mainly including radical adduct formation, C–C bond cleavage and hydroxylation, were proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation and intermediates detection. Toxicity assessment revealed the reducing trend of risk during BPA degradation, and the acute/chronic toxicity (toxic/very-toxic) of BPA were reduced to not-harmful/harmful. The slight increased toxicity in initial stage was due to the generated chlorinated products from the highest contribution of radical chlorine species (RCS). The comparison of BPA/phenol degradation demonstrated the influence of molecular structure on degradation even with similar parent structure. It seemed that the reaction time and rate constants between BPA/phenol and radicals were affected (achieved 5 orders of magnitude), which can further influence radical contributions (BPA: RCS (63.8 %) > OH (30.6 %) > direct oxidation (5.5 %), phenol: OH (78.78 %) > RCS (10.7 %) > direct oxidation (10.6 %)) and preferable attacking sites, and thus degradation mechanism and efficiencies. These results provided new insights into novel anodes/catalysts design during advanced oxidation process to improve their degradation performance and practical application safety. 

Theoretical and experimental insights into electrooxidation degradation of bisphenol A: Degradation pathways, toxicity evolution, comparison with phenol on molecular structure influence

A low-carbon-emission photoelectrochemical system using Ov-Fe2O3@BiVO4 photoanode for integrated multiple pollutant removal and energy harvesting from real saline sewage

A Low-Carbon-Emission Photoelectrochemical System Using Ov-Fe2o3@Bivo4 Photoanode for Integrated Multiple Pollutant Removal and Energy Harvesting from Real Saline Sewage

Efficient oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas via accelerated ClO• generation at TiO2/Ru-IrO2 bifacial electrode in a UV-driven photoelectrochemical system

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Efficient oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas via accelerated ClO• generation at TiO2/Ru-IrO2 bifacial electrode in a UV-driven photoelectrochemical system