SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer.

Mutations underlying disease in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) give rise to tumors with biallelic mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 and hyperactive mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Benign tumors might exhibit de novo expression of immunogens, targetable by immunotherapy. As tumors may rely on ganglioside D3 (GD3) expression for mTORC1 activation and growth, we compared GD3 expression in tissues from patients with TSC and controls. GD3 was overexpressed in affected tissues from patients with TSC and also in aging Tsc2+/- mice. As GD3 overexpression was not accompanied by marked natural immune responses to the target molecule, we performed preclinical studies with GD3 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Polyfunctional CAR T cells were cytotoxic toward GD3-overexpressing targets. In mice challenged with Tsc2-/- tumor cells, CAR T cells substantially and durably reduced the tumor burden, correlating with increased T cell infiltration. We also treated aged Tsc2+/- heterozygous (>60 weeks) mice that carry spontaneous Tsc2-/- tumors with GD3 CAR or untransduced T cells and evaluated them at endpoint. Following CAR T cell treatment, the majority of mice were tumor free while all control animals carried tumors. The outcomes demonstrate a strong treatment effect and suggest that targeting GD3 can be successful in TSC.

Benign tumors in TSC are amenable to treatment by GD3 CAR T cells in mice

Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer therapy. The rapid development of new immunotherapeutic strategies to treat solid tumors is posing new challenges for preclinical research, demanding novel in vitro methods to test treatments. Such methods should meet specific requirements, such as enabling the evaluation of immune cell responses like cytotoxicity or cytokine release, and infiltration into the tumor microenvironment using cancer models representative of the original disease. They should allow high-throughput and high-content analysis, to evaluate the efficacy of treatments and understand immune-evasion processes to facilitate development of new therapeutic targets. Ideally, they should be suitable for personalized immunotherapy testing, providing information for patient stratification. Consequently, the application of in vitro 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture models, such as tumor spheroids and organoids, is rapidly expanding in the immunotherapeutic field, coupled with the development of novel imaging-based techniques and -omic analysis. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the development of in vitro 3D platforms applied to natural killer (NK) cell-based cancer immunotherapy studies, highlighting the benefits and limitations of the current methods, and discuss new concepts and future directions of the field.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135148/pdf

In vitro models to study natural killer cell dynamics in the tumor microenvironment

Physiological processes rely on control of cell proliferation in time and space and dysregulation of cell growth underlies pathological conditions, including cancer. Mathematical modeling can provide new insights into the complex regulation of cell proliferation dynamics. In this review, we first examine quantitative experimental approaches for measuring cell proliferation dynamics in vitro and compare the various types of data that can be obtained in these settings. We then explore the toolbox of common mathematical modeling frameworks that can describe cell behavior, dynamics, and interactions of proliferation. We discuss how these wet-lab studies may be integrated with different mathematical modeling approaches to aid interpretation of the results and to enable prediction of cell behaviors, specifically in the context of cancer.

Integration of Quantitative Methods and Mathematical Approaches for the Modeling of Cancer Cell Proliferation Dynamics.

Abstract Cranial neural crest cells (cNCC) are a multipotent embryonic cell population that give rise to a diverse set of cell types. These cells are particularly vulnerable to external metabolic stressors, as exemplified by the association between maternal hyperglycemia and congenital malformations. We were interested in studying the effect of various concentrations of glucose and pyruvate on cNCC metabolism, migration, and differentiation using an established murine neural crest cell model (O9-1). We unexpectedly observed a pattern of gene expression suggestive of cholesterol biosynthesis induction under glucose depletion conditions in O9-1 cells. We further showed that treatment with two different cholesterol synthesis inhibitors interfered with cell migration and differentiation, inhibiting chondrogenesis while enhancing smooth muscle cell differentiation. As congenital arhinia (absent external nose), a malformation caused by mutations in SMCHD1 , appears to represent, in part, a defect in cNCC, we were also interested in investigating the effects of glucose and cholesterol availability on Smchd1 expression in O9-1 cells. Smchd1 expression was induced under high glucose conditions whereas cholesterol synthesis inhibitors decreased Smchd1 expression during chondrogenesis. These data highlight a novel role for cholesterol biosynthesis in cNCC physiology and demonstrate that human phenotypic variability in SMCHD1 mutation carriers may be related, in part, to SMCHD1 ’s sensitivity to glucose or cholesterol dosage during development. 

/pdf/cholesterol-biosynthesis-modulates-differentiation-in-murine-3dsgqrbi.pdf

Cholesterol biosynthesis modulates differentiation in murine cranial neural crest cells

The rapid, efficient detection of cell death is critical for characterizing the underlying biology of in vitro disease models and, in particular, immunotherapy products used for preclinical therapeutic research. Traditional endpoint assays are laborious to perform for mass screening of therapeutic candidates and may fail to fully capture the kinetics of events surrounding the initiation, duration, and mechanisms of cell death-important events that may affect translational relevance and impact therapeutic decision-making during development. Here, we describe simple, efficient methods to measure apoptosis and immune cell killing in both adherent and nonadherent cell populations using the Incucyte® Live-Cell Analysis system and associated nonperturbing reagents, cells, and protocols. Assays are performed in the user's own incubator with minimal disturbance and may be readily incorporated into existing workflows. Users may multiplex to maximize data collection from each sample. The integrated, user-friendly software does not require advanced technical training, enabling rapid analysis. Taken together, this method provides essential kinetic insight for greater understanding of cell death and the dynamic interactions between immune cells and their targets.

Kinetic Measurement of Apoptosis and Immune Cell Killing Using Live-Cell Imaging and Analysis

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Kinetic Measurement of Apoptosis and Immune Cell Killing Using Live-Cell Imaging and Analysis