Comparison of energy and environmental performance between warm and hot mix asphalt concrete production: A case study

Dry eye disease (DED) is increasingly prevalent, with inflammation playing a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Severe cases of DED result in significant ocular discomfort and visual impairment due to damage and loss of ocular surface epithelial cells. The precise mechanisms underlying the loss of these epithelial cells remain a subject of ongoing research and debate. Programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, are known to be critical in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis and responding to stressors in DED. The concept of PANoptosis, which integrates elements of various PCD pathways, has been implicated in the development of numerous systemic diseases, including infections, cancer, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory conditions. It also provides novel insights into the inflammatory processes underlying DED. This review highlights the crosstalk of PCD pathways in DED, particularly the significance of PANoptosis in ocular inflammation and its potential as a therapeutic target for more effective interventions.

Cell Death Pathways in Dry Eye Disease: Insights into Ocular Surface Inflammation

Purpose To investigate the impact of transmembrane protein CMTM6 on the pathogenesis of dry eye disease (DED) and elucidate its potential mechanisms. Methods CMTM6 expression was confirmed by database analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Tear secretion was measured using the phenol red thread test. Immune cell infiltration was assessed through flow cytometry. Barrier function was evaluated by fluorescein sodium staining, immunofluorescence staining of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) assessment. For silencing CMTM6 expression, siRNA and shRNA were employed, along with lentiviral vector-mediated overexpression of CMTM6. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed by RT-PCR and cytometric bead array (CBA) analysis. Results CMTM6 showed high expression in healthy human and mouse corneal and conjunctival epithelium but was notably reduced in DED. Notably, this downregulation was correlated with disease severity. Cmtm6−/− dry eye (DE) mice displayed reduced tear secretion, severe corneal epithelial defects, decreased conjunctival goblet cell density, and upregulated inflammatory response. Additionally, Cmtm6−/− DE mice and CMTM6 knockdown human corneal epithelial cell-transformed (HCE-T) cells showed more severe barrier disruption and reduced expression of ZO-1. Knockdown of CMTM6 in HCE-T cells increased inflammatory responses induced by hyperosmotic stress, which was significantly mitigated by CMTM6 overexpression. Moreover, the level of phospho-p65 in hyperosmolarity-stimulated HCE-T cells increased after silencing CMTM6. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 inhibition (JSH-23) reversed the excessive inflammatory responses caused by hyperosmolarity in CMTM6 knockdown HCE-T cells. Conclusions The reduction in CMTM6 expression on the ocular surface contributes to the pathogenesis of DED. The CMTM6–NF-κB p65 signaling pathway may serve as a promising therapeutic target for DED.

Transmembrane Protein CMTM6 Alleviates Ocular Inflammatory Response and Improves Corneal Epithelial Barrier Function in Experimental Dry Eye

TRPV1-targeted ion-responsive hydrogel against pyroptosis of dry eye disease

As a crucial component of vaccines, adjuvants rely on the ability of macrophages to phagocytose for immune activation. It is extremely valuable to capture this complex process accurately. In this study, we constructed an optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) system with lateral and axial resolutions of 630 nm and 2.52 μm, respectively, enabling high-resolution three-dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of the adjuvant phagocytosis process of macrophages. OR-PAM results showed that compared with undifferentiated monocyte macrophages (M0), classically activated macrophages (M1) had profound phagocytic ability to label CpG oligodeoxynucleotides with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (CpG–Au) and aluminum adjuvant labeled with lumogallion (Alum–Ga), consistent with the phagocytic observations of AuNPs. In addition, the TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β released by M1 were significantly higher than those released by M0 within 2 h after CpG–Au and Alum–Ga stimulation. These results indicated that the size of the adjuvant can affect the phagocytosis efficiency of the macrophages. The findings provide a better understanding of the adjuvant-induced macrophage response and help to develop more efficient and specific vaccines. 

Spatiotemporal Three-Dimensional Quantitative Visualization of Macrophage Phagocytosis of Adjuvants In Vivo Using Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Purpose Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that is associated with inflammation. Excessive DNA is present in the tear fluid of patients with DED. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a key DNA sensor. This study aimed to investigate the role of AIM2 in the pathogenesis of DED. Methods DED was induced by injection of scopolamine (SCOP). Aberrant DNA was detected by cell-free DNA (cfDNA) ELISA and immunostaining. Corneal epithelial defects were assessed by corneal fluorescein staining, zonula occludens-1 immunostaining and TUNEL. Tear production was analyzed by phenol red thread test. Lacrimal gland (LG) histology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and transmission electron microscopy examination. Macrophage infiltration in LG was detected by immunohistochemistry for the macrophage marker F4/80. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Protein production was examined by immunoblot analysis or ELISA. Results Aim2−/− mice displayed a normal structure and function of LG and cornea under normal conditions. In SCOP-induced DED, wild type (WT) mice showed increased cfDNA in tear fluid, and aberrant accumulations of dsDNA accompanied by increased AIM2 expression in the LG. In SCOP-induced DED, WT mice displayed damaged structures of LG, reduced tear production, and severe corneal epithelium defects, whereas Aim2−/− mice had a better preserved LG structure, less decreased tear production, and improved clinical signs of dry eye. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Aim2 suppressed the increased infiltration of macrophages and inhibited N-GSDMD and IL18 production in the LG of SCOP-induced DED. Conclusions Aim2 deficiency alleviates ocular surface damage and LG inflammation in SCOP-induced DED.

Aim2 Deficiency Ameliorates Lacrimal Gland Destruction and Corneal Epithelium Defects in an Experimental Dry Eye Model

In response to global environmental protection policies, and the imperatives of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology garnered increasing prominence in the field of pavement engineering. This study conducted a quantitative assessment of the energy-saving and emission-reduction characteristics of WMA mixtures throughout their lifecycle, encompassing the production and construction phases. To achieve this, 70# asphalt, SBS modified asphalt, Alube@, and ACMP@ WMA mixtures were selected, and their optimal mixing temperatures were determined through the rigorous variable speed mixing test. We formulated calculation models for energy consumption and carbon emissions at each stage, and incorporated a self-developed variable temperature emission test to measure the CO2 emissions resulting from asphalt heating volatilization. The findings revealed that the two warm mix additives effectively lowered the mixing temperature of 70# asphalt mixture by 25–26 °C. Comparatively, it was estimated that WMA mixtures exhibited reductions in energy consumption ranging from 16.5 % to 23.0 %, 11.3 % to 36.5 %, and 15.4 % to 47.4 % during the raw material heating, mixing, and compaction processes, respectively, when compared with the two hot mix asphalt (HMA) counterparts. Moreover, the noteworthy reductions in carbon emissions stemming from fuel combustion and asphalt heating volatilization were observed for the WMA mixtures. On-site measurements further corroborated that the WMA mixtures clearly manifested pronounced energy-saving and emission-reduction effects during the production and spreading phases. In conclusion, WMA is an environmentally friendly technology with promising prospects for widespread applications. 

Quantitative evaluation on the energy saving and emission reduction characteristics of warm mix asphalt mixtures

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Aim2 Deficiency Ameliorates Lacrimal Gland Destruction and Corneal Epithelium Defects in an Experimental Dry Eye Model

Quantitative evaluation on the energy saving and emission reduction characteristics of warm mix asphalt mixtures