Although they are emerging technologies for achieving high-efficiency and green and eco-friendly energy conversion, ceramic electrochemical cells (CECs), i.e. solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) and fuel cells (SOFCs), are still fundamentally limited by their inferior catalytic activities at low temperature, poor thermo-mechanical stability, high material cost, etc. The materials used in electrolytes and electrodes, which are the most important components in CECs, are highly associated with the cell performances. Therefore, rational design of electrolytes and electrodes with excellent catalytic activities and high stabilities at relatively low cost is a meaningful and valuable approach for the development of CECs. Nanotechnology is a powerful tool for improving the material performances in CECs owing to the favourable effects induced by the nanocrystallization of electrolytes and electrodes. Herein, a relatively comprehensive review on the nanotechnologies implemented in CECs is conducted. The working principles of CECs and the corresponding challenges were first presented, followed by the comprehensive insights into the working mechanisms of nanocrystalline materials in CECs. Then, systematic summarization and analyses of the commonly used nano-engineering strategies in the fabrication of CEC materials, including physical and chemical methods, were provided. In addition, the frontiers in the research of advanced electrolyte and electrode materials were discussed with a special emphasis on the modified electrochemical properties derived from nanotechnologies. Finally, the bottlenecks and the promising breakthroughs in nanotechnologies were highlighted in the direction of providing useful references for rational design of nanomaterials for CECs.

Nanotechnologies in ceramic electrochemical cells.

To guarantee the efficient and durable operation of oxygen ion/proton-conducting ceramic fuel cells, the cathode materials need to be versatile in terms of high activity, good CO2 resistance, and matched thermal expansion behavior with electrolyte, etc. In this study, we substituted 10% Nb to the B-site of parent perovskite-BaCo0.7Fe0.2Y0.1O3-δ, to form a single-phase material with triple conducting (H+/O2-/e-) capability as a highly ORR-active cathode. The doped BaCo0.6Fe0.2Y0.1Nb0.1O3-δ (BCFYN) shows promising ORR activity due to the optimized oxygen vacancy, improved hydration capacity, and accelerated charge transfer kinetics. The reduction of thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and enhanced CO2 resistance also facilitate the cathode durability. As a result, the area-specific resistances of BCFYN electrode at 550°C for oxygen-ion and proton conducting symmetrical cells were only 0.106 and 0.24 Ω cm2, respectively. These results indicate that BCFYN is a highly promising cathode material for both SOFCs and PCFCs. 

Towards high performance durable ceramic fuel cells using a triple conducting perovskite cathode

Solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cells (SOFCs/SOECs) have emerged as promising technologies for reversibly converting chemical and electrical energy. Here, we propose a synergistic approach involving the introduction of A-site defects and anion doping in the perovskite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) oxide to enhance its electrochemical oxidation/reduction kinetics as an electrode material in single-component SOFCs/SOECs. By creating an A-site deficient and F-doped oxyfluoride, designated as (La0.6Sr0.4)0.95Co0.2Fe0.8F0.1O2.9-δ (F-(LS)0.95CF), we effectively lower the valence state of both Co and Fe elements, leading to a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies. This synergistic approach yields a remarkable approximately 5-fold increase in the oxygen surface exchange coefficient (kchem) and a 50% increase in the bulk diffusion coefficient (Dchem) at 700 °C, when compared with LSCF. The resulting F-(LS)0.95CF-based single cell demonstrates approximately a 100% higher maximum power density for SOFC operation and a 60% higher current density at 1.3 V for SOEC operation. These improvements are further supported by lower polarization resistances observed in symmetrical cells with F-(LS)0.95CF. Furthermore, detailed investigations into the reaction kinetics reveal distinctive behaviors for the hydrogen oxidation reaction when comparing LSCF to F-(LS)0.95CF as the electrode material. Specifically, for LSCF, the rate-limiting step is the adsorption and dissociation of H2, while for F-(LS)0.95CF, it primarily involves a charge-transfer reaction. Conversely, for the oxygen reduction reaction, regardless of the electrode material being LSCF or F-(LS)0.95CF, the rate-limiting step consistently involves the reduction of oxygen atoms to O–. 

Improving Electrochemical Oxidation/Reduction Kinetics in Single-Component Solid Oxide Cells through Synergistic A-Site Defects and Anion Doping

Why do BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3–δ-derived complex oxides become one of the most promising electrodes for protonic ceramic electrochemical cells? An explanatory review

Different types of hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive research attention and showed extremely considerable practical application potential in current energy field, for instance, wide bandgap (WBG) PSCs are widely used in fabricating high-efficiency tandem devices, while inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) had been sought after by researchers due to its excellent thermal stability. However, either WBG PSCs or IPSCs were severely influenced by the carrier extraction and transport between the electron transfer layer and anode/cathode. On this basis, an in-situ oxygen plasma treated Ti doped ZnO film named TZO (O) was used as cathode buffer layer to regulate the energy-level alignment between the SnO2 layer and ITO electrode, optimize the crystal quality of perovskite and passivate perovskite defects through providing superior SnO2 film. It is found that the more suitable energy levels for the interlamination availably polished up carrier transport effect to a great extent, which could be seen in steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, in addition to this, the perovskite film covered on TZO (O)/ SnO2 demonstrated larger perovskite crystals and less surface defects. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimized device with a bandgap of ≈ 1.66 eV up to 21.62%, and the efficiency of CsPbI2.85Br0.15 IPSCs is enhanced from 19.21% to 20.92%. Moreover, the unencapsulated TZO (O)-treated wide bandgap PSCs shows enhanced stability, retaining 89.47% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h in a N2 filled environment, while the unencapsulated IPSCs-based TZO (O) still remains 83.77% of its initial efficiency under continuous illumination in air for 325 h. This work exhibited that the buffer layer TZO (O) is a promising interfacial modification material for both n-i-p type wide bandgap PSCs and IPSCs. 

Novel Cathode Buffer Layer Enabling over 21.6%/20.9% Efficiency in wide bandgap/inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

High-temperature water oxidation activity of a perovskite-based nanocomposite towards application as air electrode in reversible protonic ceramic cells

The training and management of Students' learning is a dynamic and continuous optimization process, which is the comprehensive result of combining students' reality and growing environment. In the network environment, with the continuous advancement of intelligence education, the application of computer technology to give full play to the advantages of positive change and innovation in student learning training and management strategies, will be on the basis of improving the education ecology, to provide students with high-quality learning resources to achieve the fundamental optimization of student training process. This paper analyzes the influence of computer technology on the cultivation and management of Students' study under the network environment, and advances some corresponding suggestions.

https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2022/12/matecconf_isc-be2022_01050.pdf

Research on the methods of cultivating and managing students' learning by computer technology under the network environment

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High-temperature water oxidation activity of a perovskite-based nanocomposite towards application as air electrode in reversible protonic ceramic cells

Research on the methods of cultivating and managing students' learning by computer technology under the network environment