The storage and use of thermal energy have gained increasing attention from various countries. Phase change materials (PCMs) are commonly used in thermal energy storage (TES) applications due to their high latent heat. More than a hundred single-component PCMs have been reported, each with a specific phase change temperature. In addition to single-component PCMs, eutectic phase change materials (EPCMs) are also used in TES. EPCMs are homogeneous mixtures of binary, ternary, or multiple-component PCMs that melt at a unique temperature lower than the melting point of any of the constituents. Compared to single-component PCMs, EPCMs demonstrate superior performance in TES applications, with a broader phase change temperature range and improved phase stability. This review provides an overview of over 250 organic/inorganic EPCMs from eutectic theory, material classification, thermophysical properties, preparation and characterization methods, techniques for thermal performance improvement, and applications. The review also concludes with a discussion of future prospects and findings that EPCMs can enhance heat storage density and thermal stability when compared to single-component PCMs. This information serves as a reference for the development of heat storage materials with improved thermal physical properties in the future. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive summary of EPCMs from their fundamentals to applications. 

A review on thermal energy storage with eutectic phase change materials: Fundamentals and applications

Polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators: materials, characterization, and applications

Inorganic salt hydrates in phase change materials (PCM) are important modern materials for latent heat storage at low temperatures (below 120 °C), which is conducive for the efficient use and saving of energy. However, inorganic salt hydrates still have some drawbacks, including high supercooling, phase separation, leakage, low thermal conductivity, and instability. This paper reviews the recent improvements that researchers have made to some classical solutions, such as nucleating agents and thickeners, and proposes some methods, such as eutectic, porous materials, microencapsulation, and multistage encapsulation, to regulate the physical properties of inorganic hydrated salts and prepare PCMs with higher thermal conductivity and better thermal stability. Additionally, this review also introduces the application of inorganic salt hydrates in solar water heating, solar energy building, solar photovoltaic panel heat dissipation, solar photovoltaic-photothermal systems, and other fields, and highlights that future research and development can focus on the research and application of inorganic salts hydrates to address some of the drawbacks of existing organic PCMs. 

Review on the thermal property enhancement of inorganic salt hydrate phase change materials

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) present a promising solution to energy and environmental challenges. These batteries offer numerous advantages, including high energy density, endurance, minimum self-discharge, and long life, accelerating their adoption in EVs. High temperatures can lead to thermal runaways, causing safety hazards such as short circuits and explosions. Conversely, low temperatures can trigger the formation of lithium dendrites, resulting in failures and operational issues. To address these concerns, phase change materials (PCM) are being explored to store and release thermal energy without significant temperature changes. This review paper presents an overview of PCM for battery thermal management systems. It examines and compares thermal management strategies employed for Li-ion batteries, highlighting their merits, drawbacks, and cost-effectiveness. Different types of heating and cooling mechanism are summarized. Furthermore, the study discusses potential future developments in the field to enhance the thermal management of Li-ion batteries in EVs. 

Lithium-ion battery thermal management for electric vehicles using phase change material: A review

Research progress of seasonal thermal energy storage technology based on supercooled phase change materials

Electric vehicles face the problem of battery capacity degradation in cold environment. Electric heating with thermally conductive patches and partial short-circuits could solve the problem to a certain extent but sacrifice part of the battery capacity. Here we propose a eutectic phase change material (EPCM) composed of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3·5H2O, STP), sodium acetate trihydrate (CH3COONa·3H2O, SAT) and deionized water with a ratio of 64.4 wt%: 27.6 wt%: 8 wt%. The EPCM possesses a melting temperature of 41.4°C, stable supercooling degree over 61°C (storage at -20°C), and a recovery temperature of 25.4°C when a controllable heat release trigger is inserted. The phase change enthalpy of the EPCM is 169.29 kJ/kg. When integrating the proposed EPCM with a power battery pack (36 pieces of 18,650 power batteries, EPCM volume ratio 45%), the discharge capacity of the power battery pack at -20°C environment can be improved by 6.8%. The effects of material composition on supercooling and recovery temperature are discussed. This study provides an alternative way in solving the battery capacity degradation in cold environment without sacrificing the energy of the battery pack and paves a way for high energy efficiency battery thermal management. 

A deep supercooling eutectic phase change material for low-temperature battery thermal management

Capillary-wave propellers (CWPs) based on the phenomenon of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) have shown great potential for floating-object propulsion, heat-transfer enhancement, and fluid thermophysical property measurement. However, the small amplitude of the EWOD-induced capillary-wave limits the performance of the CWP in practical applications. Herein, a CWP with a concave curvature is proposed to enlarge the capillary-wave amplitude. The formation and propagation of the capillary wave are visualized by using a high-speed camera and a free-surface synthetic schlieren method. The wave amplitude and wave propagation are modeled theoretically. The effects of the concave curvature and the frequency of the electrical signal are investigated, and the results show that the concave curvature increases the wave amplitude, velocity vector, and wave intensity as compared with flat EWOD units. In addition, the results show that 20 Hz electrical signals are favorable for pursuing large wave energy density. The underlying mechanism for increasing the wave energy via concave CWPs is revealed experimentally and explained theoretically. The proposed concave CWP is helpful for increasing the propulsion speed of small-scale floating objects and is promising for improving the performance of CWPs in other applications. 

Effects of concave curvature on the formation and propagation of capillary wave induced by electrowetting-on-dielectric

Capillarity describes the liquid flowing against gravity in an open narrow tube with certain wettability and is well described by the Young-Laplace equation. However, the modeling of the gas compression in a confined narrow tube due to capillary action with variable wettability is yet to be established. Thus, this study observes and models the relation between the gas pressure increment in a confined narrow tube and water contact angle (CA) variation induced by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD). An increment of 1.64 Pa/degree CA was obtained for a confined tube with 3 mm diameter, which well matched the measured result (1.48 Pa/degree CA). Fine gas compression can be achieved by varying the voltage input. The gas compression process was determined to be an adiabatic process with a ~10% conversion efficiency (CA varying from 110{degree sign} to 65{degree sign}). The concept and modeling of this EWOD-based gas compression process will pave the way for fine gas compressors in microfluidic applications.

Modeling and observation of fine gas compression in a confined narrow tube by electrowetting-on-dielectric

The phenomenon of droplet impact is widely observed in nature and industrial processes. No matter the intrinsic wettability (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and superhydrophobic) of the surface, the postimpact droplets tend to rebound or splash. The droplet impact dynamics have been well investigated but the inhibition of the rebounding or splashing of the postimpact droplet requires further exploration. This paper proposes a periodic wetting surface (PWS) driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for efficient postimpact droplet collection. With the high‐voltage electric signal generated from a rotating freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (RF‐TENG), the wettability of an interdigital electrodes‐based electrowetting‐on‐dielectric (EWOD) surface can be changed periodically. The droplet impacts on the PWS show oscillating sliding motion that compensates the kinetic energy for droplet rebounding or splashing. As compared to pure hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces, the PWS shows the best droplet collection performance. The effects of the electric signal of the RF‐TENG such as open‐circuit voltage (0.44–3.00 kV) and frequency (0–60 Hz), droplet contents such as ions type and concentration of the droplet on the postimpact droplet collection efficiency are discussed. Finally, a practical application is demonstrated by the TENG driven PWS for real‐time and high‐efficiency collection of multiple postimpact droplets.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/admi.202202037

A Periodic Wetting Surface Driven by Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Postimpact Droplet Collection

Advances in triboelectric nanogenerator powered electrowetting-on-dielectric devices: Mechanism, structures, and applications

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